Chapter 2 - Nervous System & Brain Flashcards
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?
The brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The somatic nervous system (voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) (sends info between CNS and non-skeletal muscles)
The three primary brain vesicles
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
Forebrain
Receives & processes sensory info and higher order thinking AKA executive functioning.
Midbrain
Integrates sensory information and relays it upward. Coordinates movement, sleep, arousal.
Hindbrain
An area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord.
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic NS
That part of the ANS that produces the “fight or flight” response (S) vs. that which facilitates relaxation and replenishment (P)
Cerebral Cortex
Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain.
Lobes of the brain
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex between the central fissure and front lobe
- Responsible for movement of skeletal muscles
- Contralateral (left controls right, right controls left)
Parietal Lobe
Visual spatial perception, 3D shapes & design, special orientation, non-verbal thought
Primary Somatosensory Cortex between the central fissure and each parietal lobe
- Processes sensation
- Contralateral: top of somatosensory cortex = toes
Bottom of SS cortex = lips
Occipital Lobe
Primary Visual Cortex back of occipital lobe
- Contralateral
Temporal Lobe
Processes auditory information
Primary auditory Cortex mid top of temp lobe
- Complex auditory analysis for comprehension of
human speech, listening to music
- Right hemisphere recognizes songs, faces, paintings etc.
- Damage can cause deafness
Broca’s Area & what condition occurs when damaged?
Controls language expression - Broca’s aphasia, when they understand but cannot produce legible language
Geschwind’s territory
Area of the brain that provides a connection between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area.
Wernicke’s area & what condition occurs when damaged?
receptive language reception - Wernicke’s aphasia, when they cannot understand but can produce legible language
Sections in the Limbic System
amygdala
hypothalamus
hippocampus
Functions of the amygdala
activates and processes emotions, involved in conditioning, memory recollection and storage
Functions of the hypothalamus
basic survival actions and physiological responses to fear inducing stimuli
Functions of the hippocampus
regulation and expression of emotions
Le Doux’s Theory Short Route
Emotional Stimulus -> Thalamus - > Amygdala -> Emotional Response
Le Doux’s Theory Long Route
Emotional Stimulus -> Thalamus -> Sensory Cortex -> either Amygdala or (Hippocampus -> Amygdala) -> Emotional Response
What system are conscious responses controlled by
Somatic Nervous System
What role does the PNS have in conscious and unconscious responses
maintains homeostasis
Types of unconscious responses and examples
Unconscious - autonomic blinking
Unconscious - spinal reflexes
monosynaptic reflex arc - knee jerk
polysynaptic reflex arc- hard withdrawal from pain
Cerebellum function
Motor Skills
Medulla (Brain Stem)
Connects part of body (autonomic system to somatic system) i.e. breathing, heart rate
Subdivision of PNS
Functional features
Somatic nervous system (think, control change)
Autonomic nervous system (self-regulating)
Autonomic Nervous System Subdivisions
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Sympathetic Nervous System function
Responding to emergency (increase in heartrate, fight vs flight)
Parasympathetic Nervous System function
What happens when sleeping (decreases in heartrate)
Occipital Lobe location
towards back of head
Temporal Lobe location
side of head
Parietal Lobe location
top of head
Frontal lobe
front of head
Function of reflex arc
It goes to spinal chord, misses brain communication and responds immediately
Different parts of reflex arc
Receptor Sensory neuron Connecter neuron Effector Motor neuron
The limbic system
the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses
Basal Ganglia Function
Responsible primarily for motor control
Somatic is what movement?
voluntary
Autonomic is what movement?
unconscious
Spinal Reflexes occur when?
the spinal chord initiates a response independently of the brain enable faster reaction times and reduce the risk of being harmed
Premotor cortex function?
Organising movement
Motor cortex
Producing movement
Somatosensory cortex
touch, temp, body position
Voluntary movement is coordinated by which parts of the brain?
Primary motor cortex
Cerebellum
Basal Ganglia
Emotion coordinated by which parts of the brain
Limbic system
Prefrontal cortex
Cerebellum function
Coordinates detail of movement
What is in the Limbic system?
hypothalamus
amygdala
thalamus
hippocampus
