Chapter 12 - Status & Power

Question 1

What is a group?

Answer 1

A group consists of two or more people who must interact with each other over a period of time.

They must influence each other and have a common purpose

Question 2

What is power?

Answer 2

A person has power if they can influence the thoughts or behaviour if others.

Question 3

Examples of different types of power

Answer 3

Legitimate
Expert
Referent
Status

Question 4

Different Leadership styles

Answer 4

Laissez-faire
Democratic
Authoritarian

Question 5

Laissez-faire

Answer 5

Leader does not actively make any decisions

The group controls themselves

Group members are less happy and have low productivity rate

Question 6

Democratic

Answer 6

Leader negotiates decisions with the group

Group members are happy and productivity rates are high

Question 7

Authoritarian

Answer 7

Leader actively makes all decisions and had control over the group

Group is productive only when leader actively managing the process

Question 8

Country-club leadership

Answer 8

Focus on needs & feeling of members

Lack of direction and control from manager

Work environment is fun and relaxed

Production is low

Question 9

Middle-of-the-road leadership

Answer 9

Give appearance of compromise between productivity and wellbeing

Neither wellbeing of employees nor productivity is achieved to a satisfactory level

Leader using this style settle for average response

Question 10

Authoritarian leadership

Answer 10

Produce or perish

Employees are just a means to an end

Employees needs are less important than the need for an efficient workplace

Very strict, have rigid work skills and use coercive power to motivate employees

Question 11

Impoverished leadership

Answer 11

Workplace is disorganized

Workers who are dissatisfied

Workforce lack harmony

Ineffective

Question 12

Team Leadership

Answer 12

Values production needs and the needs of workers equally

Team environment is based on trust and respect

High satisfaction and motivation high productivity

Question 13

The Stanford Prison Experiment questions?

Answer 13

How readily do people conform to the social roles of guard and prisoner in role-playing exercise that stimulated prison life?

Question 14

How were the participants treated in each role?

Answer 14

Prisoners were dehumanized through, wearing dresses, no underwear, stocking as hats, their name as a number, permission to go to bathroom

Guards were issued a khaki uniform, together with whistles, handcuffs, and dark glasses, to make eye contact with prisoners impossible

Question 15

Obedience definition

Answer 15

a type of social influence where a person follows an order from another person who is usually an authority figure

Question 16

Milgram’s study of obedience was divided into which roles?

Answer 16

Researcher & Teacher

Question 17

Which type of leadership style is evident in Milgram’s experiment

Answer 17

Legitimate power (researcher was placed in position of power)
& Expert Power (knowledge and skills they were presented)

Question 18

Reasons for high level obedience in the Milgram experiment

Answer 18

prestige effect
believed they were taking part in valuable scientific research
believed that the learner had volunteered
obligation
Payment increased the sense of obligation
Participants believed that the roles of teacher and learner had been allocated at random
Participants were not aware of their rights or the expectations of participants in scientific research
Participants were assured the shocks were painful but not dangerous
The learner had responded to each question up to the 300-volt level, indicating his willingness to participate

Question 19

Validity

Answer 19

accuracy of research

Question 20

Reliability

Answer 20

consistency of research in measuring what it was meant to measure

Question 21

How did Milgram’s study exhibit validity and reliability?

Answer 21

As Milgram’s study has been repeated, it increases reliability

Given the ethical breaches, this allowed for increase in validity

Also due to ethical breached, the results are more accurate

Question 22

Types of norms?

Answer 22

Descriptive norms = what is commonly done

Injunctive norms = what is commonly approved or disapproved of

Question 23

Robert Cialdini et al. 2006

Answer 23

He went undercover posing as a job applicant, as a used car salesperson trainee, a used fundraiser , as a telemarketing observer etc.

Question 24

What were Robert Cialdini et al. 6 principles of persuasion?

Answer 24

Social proof
Commitment and consistency
Reciprocation
Liking
Authority
Scarcity

Question 25

Cialdini’s experiment (1984) aim

Answer 25

Aim, whether normative communication to visitors would impact on stealing behaviour

Hypothesis: messages that focused recipients on injunctive norms would be superior to messages that focus the recipient on descriptive norms

Question 26

Cialdini’s experiment suggested?

Answer 26

The descriptive normative information was most likely to increase theft, whereas injunctive was most likely reduce it.