Chapter 12 - Status & Power Flashcards
What is a group?
A group consists of two or more people who must interact with each other over a period of time.
They must influence each other and have a common purpose
What is power?
A person has power if they can influence the thoughts or behaviour if others.
Examples of different types of power
Legitimate
Expert
Referent
Status
Different Leadership styles
Laissez-faire
Democratic
Authoritarian
Laissez-faire
Leader does not actively make any decisions
The group controls themselves
Group members are less happy and have low productivity rate
Democratic
Leader negotiates decisions with the group
Group members are happy and productivity rates are high
Authoritarian
Leader actively makes all decisions and had control over the group
Group is productive only when leader actively managing the process
Country-club leadership
Focus on needs & feeling of members
Lack of direction and control from manager
Work environment is fun and relaxed
Production is low
Middle-of-the-road leadership
Give appearance of compromise between productivity and wellbeing
Neither wellbeing of employees nor productivity is achieved to a satisfactory level
Leader using this style settle for average response
Authoritarian leadership
Produce or perish
Employees are just a means to an end
Employees needs are less important than the need for an efficient workplace
Very strict, have rigid work skills and use coercive power to motivate employees
Impoverished leadership
Workplace is disorganized
Workers who are dissatisfied
Workforce lack harmony
Ineffective
Team Leadership
Values production needs and the needs of workers equally
Team environment is based on trust and respect
High satisfaction and motivation high productivity
The Stanford Prison Experiment questions?
How readily do people conform to the social roles of guard and prisoner in role-playing exercise that stimulated prison life?
How were the participants treated in each role?
Prisoners were dehumanized through, wearing dresses, no underwear, stocking as hats, their name as a number, permission to go to bathroom
Guards were issued a khaki uniform, together with whistles, handcuffs, and dark glasses, to make eye contact with prisoners impossible
Obedience definition
a type of social influence where a person follows an order from another person who is usually an authority figure
Milgram’s study of obedience was divided into which roles?
Researcher & Teacher
Which type of leadership style is evident in Milgram’s experiment
Legitimate power (researcher was placed in position of power) & Expert Power (knowledge and skills they were presented)
Reasons for high level obedience in the Milgram experiment
prestige effect
believed they were taking part in valuable scientific research
believed that the learner had volunteered
obligation
Payment increased the sense of obligation
Participants believed that the roles of teacher and learner had been allocated at random
Participants were not aware of their rights or the expectations of participants in scientific research
Participants were assured the shocks were painful but not dangerous
The learner had responded to each question up to the 300-volt level, indicating his willingness to participate
Validity
accuracy of research
Reliability
consistency of research in measuring what it was meant to measure
How did Milgram’s study exhibit validity and reliability?
As Milgram’s study has been repeated, it increases reliability
Given the ethical breaches, this allowed for increase in validity
Also due to ethical breached, the results are more accurate
Types of norms?
Descriptive norms = what is commonly done
Injunctive norms = what is commonly approved or disapproved of
Robert Cialdini et al. 2006
He went undercover posing as a job applicant, as a used car salesperson trainee, a used fundraiser , as a telemarketing observer etc.
What were Robert Cialdini et al. 6 principles of persuasion?
Social proof Commitment and consistency Reciprocation Liking Authority Scarcity
Cialdini’s experiment (1984) aim
Aim, whether normative communication to visitors would impact on stealing behaviour
Hypothesis: messages that focused recipients on injunctive norms would be superior to messages that focus the recipient on descriptive norms
Cialdini’s experiment suggested?
The descriptive normative information was most likely to increase theft, whereas injunctive was most likely reduce it.
