Chapter 13 - Interpersonal Processes Flashcards
Prosocial Behaviour
Helping behaviour that benefits other people and society in general
What influences prosocial behaviour
The situation
Social norms
Personal characteristics
Altruism
Diffusion of responsibility
the phenomenon where a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present
The Bystander Effect
When individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present
Case of Kitty Genovese
a young woman murdered in the street where 38 people saw and who chose not to help. (1964)
helping behaviour may be restricted because one perceives (assumes) that there are other people available who could help.
Bystander Intervention: Study by Latane & Darley (1968) aim
to determine how changing the number of participants who are available to help in an emergency situation affects participants willingness to help
Procedure of the Bystander Intervention?
Researchers split participants into groups
Group 1: would take part in a discussion group of five other people (85%)
Group 2: would take part in a discussion of two other people (65%) went for help
Group 3: would take part in a discussion group with only 1 other person (31%)
In the middle of a discussion a pre-recorded message of a seizure sound or smoke was entered to see how participants reacted
Reciprocity Principle types
In-kind
Positive
Negative
In-kind
A social expectation that you will respond to another’s action with equivalent actions
Positive
Returning a favour
Negative
Punishing a negative action
The Arousal - Cost - Reward Model was introduced by?
Piviavin et al. 1969 as a device in attempting to account for the results of the NY subway experiment
The Arousal - Cost - Reward Model helps predict?
how likely it is that intervention will take place under any particular set of circumstances.
in the ACR model what is A?
AROUSAL in response to the need or distress of others is an emotional response
in the ACR model what is C-R?
The COST-REWARD component involves cognitive processes by which bystanders asses and weigh up the anticipated costs and rewards with helping or not helping
Different kinds of costs?
Personal & Empathy
Examples of costs
enhancement of self-esteem, moral obligation, loss of time, self-blame
How does mood effect likleness to intervene?
When people are in a good mood, they are more likely to help
(B) The Kin Selection theory argues?
a degree of altruism that one demonstrates depends on the number of genes that are shared by the individuals (i.e. mother more likely to save child then stranger)
(B) Hamilton (1964) theorized that?
an altruistic gene causes an organism to behave in a way which reduces its own personal fitness but boosts the fitness of its relatives,
(P) SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY argues
That we cognitively measure the costs and benefits of helping others.
(P) - EMPATHY-ALTRUISM HYPOTHESIS argues
argues that if you feel empathy towards another person you will help them regardless of what you can gain from it
What does Cialdini (1988) argue?
CLOSENESS, not empathy, is the key to how likely a person is willing to help someone else
What did Cialdini create to emphasise the importance of closeness?
He manipulated the degree of closeness of the participants and the person (a stranger, acquaintance, good friend, or family member). He asked them to rate how they feel towards person and how likely to help. Results indicated that the degree of closeness the person was more of an indicator of helping then empathy.
Antisocial behaviour
a behaviour that is harmful to others and ultimately, to the community (e.g., prejudice, aggression)
Biological theory related to Antisocial Behaviour
antisocial are seen as genetic, instinctively to protect themselves
Environmental theory related to Antisocial Behaviour
Is learnt during socialisation process
Interaction theory related to Antisocial Behaviour
Interaction between nature v. nurture born with innate tendency and learnt
Research by Latane & Darley (1970) performed what experiment?
Seizure experiment and smoke-filled experiment
What is Group Think?
Occurs when a group with a particular agenda makes irrational or problematic because its members value harmony and coherence over accurate analysis and critical evaluation
