Chapter 13 - Interpersonal Processes

Question 1

Prosocial Behaviour

Answer 1

Helping behaviour that benefits other people and society in general

Question 2

What influences prosocial behaviour

Answer 2

The situation
Social norms
Personal characteristics
Altruism

Question 3

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 3

the phenomenon where a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present

Question 4

The Bystander Effect

Answer 4

When individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present

Question 5

Case of Kitty Genovese

Answer 5

a young woman murdered in the street where 38 people saw and who chose not to help. (1964)

helping behaviour may be restricted because one perceives (assumes) that there are other people available who could help.

Question 6

Bystander Intervention: Study by Latane & Darley (1968) aim

Answer 6

to determine how changing the number of participants who are available to help in an emergency situation affects participants willingness to help

Question 7

Procedure of the Bystander Intervention?

Answer 7

Researchers split participants into groups

Group 1: would take part in a discussion group of five other people (85%)

Group 2: would take part in a discussion of two other people (65%) went for help

Group 3: would take part in a discussion group with only 1 other person (31%)

In the middle of a discussion a pre-recorded message of a seizure sound or smoke was entered to see how participants reacted

Question 8

Reciprocity Principle types

Answer 8

In-kind
Positive
Negative

Question 9

In-kind

Answer 9

A social expectation that you will respond to another’s action with equivalent actions

Question 10

Positive

Answer 10

Returning a favour

Question 11

Negative

Answer 11

Punishing a negative action

Question 12

The Arousal - Cost - Reward Model was introduced by?

Answer 12

Piviavin et al. 1969 as a device in attempting to account for the results of the NY subway experiment

Question 13

The Arousal - Cost - Reward Model helps predict?

Answer 13

how likely it is that intervention will take place under any particular set of circumstances.

Question 14

in the ACR model what is A?

Answer 14

AROUSAL in response to the need or distress of others is an emotional response

Question 15

in the ACR model what is C-R?

Answer 15

The COST-REWARD component involves cognitive processes by which bystanders asses and weigh up the anticipated costs and rewards with helping or not helping

Question 16

Different kinds of costs?

Answer 16

Personal & Empathy

Question 17

Examples of costs

Answer 17

enhancement of self-esteem, moral obligation, loss of time, self-blame

Question 18

How does mood effect likleness to intervene?

Answer 18

When people are in a good mood, they are more likely to help

Question 19

(B) The Kin Selection theory argues?

Answer 19

a degree of altruism that one demonstrates depends on the number of genes that are shared by the individuals (i.e. mother more likely to save child then stranger)

Question 20

(B) Hamilton (1964) theorized that?

Answer 20

an altruistic gene causes an organism to behave in a way which reduces its own personal fitness but boosts the fitness of its relatives,

Question 21

(P) SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY argues

Answer 21

That we cognitively measure the costs and benefits of helping others.

Question 22

(P) - EMPATHY-ALTRUISM HYPOTHESIS argues

Answer 22

argues that if you feel empathy towards another person you will help them regardless of what you can gain from it

Question 23

What does Cialdini (1988) argue?

Answer 23

CLOSENESS, not empathy, is the key to how likely a person is willing to help someone else

Question 24

What did Cialdini create to emphasise the importance of closeness?

Answer 24

He manipulated the degree of closeness of the participants and the person (a stranger, acquaintance, good friend, or family member). He asked them to rate how they feel towards person and how likely to help. Results indicated that the degree of closeness the person was more of an indicator of helping then empathy.

Question 25

Antisocial behaviour

Answer 25

a behaviour that is harmful to others and ultimately, to the community (e.g., prejudice, aggression)

Question 26

Biological theory related to Antisocial Behaviour

Answer 26

antisocial are seen as genetic, instinctively to protect themselves

Question 27

Environmental theory related to Antisocial Behaviour

Answer 27

Is learnt during socialisation process

Question 28

Interaction theory related to Antisocial Behaviour

Answer 28

Interaction between nature v. nurture born with innate tendency and learnt

Question 29

Research by Latane & Darley (1970) performed what experiment?

Answer 29

Seizure experiment and smoke-filled experiment

Question 30

What is Group Think?

Answer 30

Occurs when a group with a particular agenda makes irrational or problematic because its members value harmony and coherence over accurate analysis and critical evaluation