chapter 9 (from quizlet) Flashcards
What is the “sexual transfer” of genes in bacteria called?
conjugation
What does the bacteria chromosome do compared to the eukaryal chromosome?
it contains the genes that are usually present in only one copy
What is true regarding replication of a plasmid in a bacterial cell?
it is independent of chromosome replication
Under what conditions will two different plasmids be incompatible?
if they use similar methods of replication initiation
What is an organism’s complete collection of alleles called?
genotype
Supposed a mutant strain of Escherichia coli K12 contains a mutation in the trpE gene and is no longer able to make tryptophan. What is this mutant called?
an auxotroph
Escherichia coli strain K12 is considered a wild-type strain and does not have any nutritional vitamin requirements. What term applies to this strain?
a prototroph
Bacterial mutants have been very useful for studying and understanding what?
biosynthetic pathways, capsule production, antibiotic resistance, and carbon metabolism
What is the protein that is important in the process of recombination?
RecA
What is the term for the uptake of extracellular DNA into a bacterial cell and incorporation into its genome?
transformation
What is the term for cells that can naturally take up extracellular DNA?
competent
What is the term for the direct transfer of DNA from a living donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium?
conjugation
What is the term for the transfer of donor DNA to a recipient bacterium via a bacteriophage?
transduction
What genetic elements can “jump” around on the chromosome?
transposons
The process of molecular cloning was mainly brought about through the discovery of what?
restriction enzymes
What is an example of a reporter gene that is used to study gene regulation in bacteria?
lacZ
The enzyme ______ hydrolyzes the chromogenic substrate X-gal
β-galactosidase
In order for a plasmid to be replicated in a cell, it must contain what?
an origin of replication
What term applies to the transfer of genes from mother to daughter cell?
vertical gene transfer
Suppose a microbe has died and lysed, exposing its DNA to the environment. Some of this DNA was taken up by another unrelated microbe and incorporated into its genome. This is an example of what process?
horizontal gene transfer
Bacteriophages vary in their ability to infect different strains of bacteria. This is because some bacteria contain______ that cut the phage DNA after it enters the cell.
restriction endonucleases
The first DNA cloning experiment required what?
DNA ligase, restriction enzymes, plasmid vector with antibiotic resistance gene, competent cells
Early plasmid vectors used for cloning DNA contained what?
unique restriction enzyme sites for several restriction enzymes
