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ENV120 > Chapter 9- Forests > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Forests Flashcards

1
Q

How many forests does is make to make up a forest?

A

enough trees with overlapping crowns forming 60% to 100% cover
-one tree does not=a forest

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2
Q

crowns

A

tops of trees

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3
Q

crown fire

A

at the top of trees

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4
Q

Functions of Forests

A
  • non-wood forest products
  • biodiversity and habitat preservation
  • carbon storage
  • agricultural land
  • human settlements
  • fuelwood and charcol
  • industrial wood for lumber, paper, and packaging
  • ecotourism and recreation
  • watershed, protection, and erosion control
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5
Q

Continent that does not have forest

A

-antarctica

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6
Q

tropical forest

A

lost almost 80% in some countries=huge biodiversity loss

-thousands of different types of trees

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7
Q

Canada’s Forest

A
  • 10% of world’s forests are in Canada
  • compromise ~1/2 of the land area of Canada
  • over 1/2 of Canada’s forests are undisturbed
  • approximately 66% of canada’s 140,000 species live in forests
  • forests are a really good habitat, good biodiversity
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8
Q

insects

A

most biodiverse group (lots in forest)

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9
Q

Forest Regions of Canada

A
  1. Boreal forest
  2. Subalpine
  3. Montane
  4. Coast
  5. Colombian
  6. Deciduous
  7. Great Lakes- St. Lawrence
  8. Acadian
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10
Q

Ecozone

A

an area of the earth’s surface that represents a large ecological zone and has characteristic landforms and climate
-distinguished by plants wildlife, climate,landforms, and human activities.

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11
Q

Boreal Forest

A

-circumpolar
-covers 22% of Canada’s land mass
-22% of canada’s freshwater surface area (lakes rivers streams)
-support commercial wetland activities (logging, pulp and paper, timber)
-lungs of the country massive part of Canada
14% of world’s forests

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12
Q

Boreal Species

A

lodgepole pine, woodland caribou, white spruce, black bear, trembling aspen, lynx and snowshoe hare, tamarack

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13
Q

Stresses on Boreal Forest

A
  1. Logging
  2. Mining- land clearing, pollution, jobs
  3. Hydroelectric Development- 85% of drainage basins altered by hydroelectric
  4. Climate change- ^ forest fire and pests
  5. Acid Precipitation- S and N20 in atmosphere
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14
Q

Harvesting Methods

A

selective cutting- dangerous for people cutting

  • shelterwood cutting
  • clear-cutting (most common&popular)
  • patch cutting (rotating clear cuts (allows movement corridors)
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15
Q

Subalpine Species

A

-englemann spruce, alpine fir, lodgepole pin, mountainous uplands

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16
Q

Montane

A

valley bottoms, douglas fir, lodgepole pine, trembling aspen

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17
Q

What creates difference between subalpine and montane?

A

-temperature

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18
Q

Coast

A 
western red cedar
western hemlock 
sitka spruce 
douglas fir 
almost exclusively coniferous
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19
Q

Columbian

A 
western red cedar
Douglas fir 
western hemlock 
merges coast, montane, and subalpine regions 
-high biodiversity, interior of BC
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20
Q

Deciduous/Carolinian

A
  • beech, maple, black walnut, oak, hickory, northern limits for some deciduous trees, rare forest type
  • very impacted by agriculture
21
Q

Great Lakes- St. Lawrence

A 
red pine
eastern pine 
eastern hemlock 
yellow birch 
maple 
oak 
-lots of maple syrup comes from here
22
Q

Acadian

A

red spruce
balsam fir
maple
yellow birch
-related to Great lakes, St. Lawrence and Boreal regions
NB, NS, PEI, interface with hardwoods as well

23
Q

Forest helps protect

A

-freshwater

24
Q

Forests are what % of Canada’s Land mass?

A

20% & 22% of freshwater surface area

25
Q

Clear cutting causes

A

lots of evaporation

26
Q

Biodiversity and Habitat

A
  • over 20% of world’s water originates in Canada’s forests

- 80% of the world’s terrestrial species found in global forests

27
Q

Deforestation rate in Madagascar and Brazil

A

-parts are almost totally deforested

28
Q

Where are nutrients stored?

A

Temperate forest store nutrients in soil

Tropical forest store nutrients in biomass (leaf litter trees etc)

29
Q

Role of Biodiversity

A
  • ecosystem connectivity
  • photosynthesis & Respiration
  • nutrient cycling
  • keys to diversity
    ex) tree growing on another log, fallen log decomposes and other plants start growing on it
30
Q

Komodi Bears

A

-flagship species (spirit bear, lives in BC, very rare)

31
Q

Flagship species

A

a species that people will care about and want to save its habitat or the animal, usually cute

32
Q

Economy and non-wood forest products

A

-442 million/yr for economy

wild rice, mushrooms, animal products, maple syrup, agriculture benefits as well

33
Q

Canada’s Forests

A

10% of world’s total forest

-45% of land base

34
Q

How do we manage forests?

A

need to identify what is being managed in the first place

-define ownership/jurisdiction (who owns it/who has control)

35
Q

Forest Tenure

A

conditions that govern forest ownership and use

36
Q

Forest Tenure in Canada

A

94% of forests are publicly owned then the province leases the land to private companies who then cut within guidelines
-6% private ownership

37
Q

Forest Industry

A

Annual harvest=175 million m3/yr
1/5th of global supply
exports- lumber, paper, newsprint, pulp
350 dependent communities

38
Q

How many people are employed in timber industry?

A

over 80,000

94 billion$ to Canadian economy

39
Q

Forest Harvesting effects on Ecosystem

A
  1. Biodiversity- reduced natural variability, early successional species, more monocultures, loss of species, fragmentation of habitat, plant in straight rows=little structural diversity)
  2. Productivity- biomass taken away from sight, seasonal differences
  3. Soils- nutrients gone, erosion, leeching, over saturated nutrients gone from soil
  4. Water cycle- less evapotranspiration
40
Q

Forest Fragmentation

A

due to logging mines
limits pathways for animals to walk and travel places
bare patches in forest

41
Q

Advantages of Clear Cutting

A
  • money
  • safer for people cutting
  • fewer roads
  • lots of jobs
  • good when al pine trees are dead due to pine beetle to reduce risk of fire
42
Q

Advantages of Forest Fire

A
  • recycled nutrients
  • biomass still on site
  • don’t need roads
  • part of natural cycle
  • regenerate species
43
Q

Disadvantages of Forest Fire

A
  • dangerous near human community
  • can get out of control quickly with dead trees and climate change
  • animals need forest to live
44
Q

Compare fire vs. clear cut

A 
Openings- irregular, regular 
Boundaries- gradual , abrupt 
Vegetation- left standing, removed 
Pathogens- most killed,  most survive 
Nutrients- released back into soil, removed 
Soil- build up with nutrients,  compacted and eroded 
N-fixers- growth, reduced 
Species- succession,  reduced
45
Q

Silviculture

A

theory and practice of controlling establishment, composition, growth, and quality of forest stands

  • like agriculture but with forest
  • straight line trees
  • clean forest floors
  • can replant and leave shelter wood behind
46
Q

Methods of silviculture

A
  • reforestation replant
  • monocultures (one type of tree)
  • NSR- not sufficiently restocked
47
Q

Biocides

A

kill living things

48
Q

Forest sustainability solutions

A
  • alternatives
  • value-added-build furniture here, adds value to the trees
  • renewable practices- rotating cuts
  • precautionary principle- wait until we know what we are doing
  • protected areas
  • research
  • hollistic view

ENV120 (15 decks)

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