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ENV120 > Chapter 9- Forests > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Forests Flashcards

1
Q

How many forests does is make to make up a forest?

A

enough trees with overlapping crowns forming 60% to 100% cover
-one tree does not=a forest

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2
Q

crowns

A

tops of trees

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3
Q

crown fire

A

at the top of trees

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4
Q

Functions of Forests

A
  • non-wood forest products
  • biodiversity and habitat preservation
  • carbon storage
  • agricultural land
  • human settlements
  • fuelwood and charcol
  • industrial wood for lumber, paper, and packaging
  • ecotourism and recreation
  • watershed, protection, and erosion control
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5
Q

Continent that does not have forest

A

-antarctica

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6
Q

tropical forest

A

lost almost 80% in some countries=huge biodiversity loss

-thousands of different types of trees

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7
Q

Canada’s Forest

A
  • 10% of world’s forests are in Canada
  • compromise ~1/2 of the land area of Canada
  • over 1/2 of Canada’s forests are undisturbed
  • approximately 66% of canada’s 140,000 species live in forests
  • forests are a really good habitat, good biodiversity
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8
Q

insects

A

most biodiverse group (lots in forest)

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9
Q

Forest Regions of Canada

A
  1. Boreal forest
  2. Subalpine
  3. Montane
  4. Coast
  5. Colombian
  6. Deciduous
  7. Great Lakes- St. Lawrence
  8. Acadian
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10
Q

Ecozone

A

an area of the earth’s surface that represents a large ecological zone and has characteristic landforms and climate
-distinguished by plants wildlife, climate,landforms, and human activities.

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11
Q

Boreal Forest

A

-circumpolar
-covers 22% of Canada’s land mass
-22% of canada’s freshwater surface area (lakes rivers streams)
-support commercial wetland activities (logging, pulp and paper, timber)
-lungs of the country massive part of Canada
14% of world’s forests

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12
Q

Boreal Species

A

lodgepole pine, woodland caribou, white spruce, black bear, trembling aspen, lynx and snowshoe hare, tamarack

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13
Q

Stresses on Boreal Forest

A
  1. Logging
  2. Mining- land clearing, pollution, jobs
  3. Hydroelectric Development- 85% of drainage basins altered by hydroelectric
  4. Climate change- ^ forest fire and pests
  5. Acid Precipitation- S and N20 in atmosphere
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14
Q

Harvesting Methods

A

selective cutting- dangerous for people cutting

  • shelterwood cutting
  • clear-cutting (most common&popular)
  • patch cutting (rotating clear cuts (allows movement corridors)
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15
Q

Subalpine Species

A

-englemann spruce, alpine fir, lodgepole pin, mountainous uplands

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16
Q

Montane

A

valley bottoms, douglas fir, lodgepole pine, trembling aspen

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17
Q

What creates difference between subalpine and montane?

A

-temperature

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18
Q

Coast

A 
western red cedar
western hemlock 
sitka spruce 
douglas fir 
almost exclusively coniferous
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19
Q

Columbian

A 
western red cedar
Douglas fir 
western hemlock 
merges coast, montane, and subalpine regions 
-high biodiversity, interior of BC
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20
Q

Deciduous/Carolinian

A
  • beech, maple, black walnut, oak, hickory, northern limits for some deciduous trees, rare forest type
  • very impacted by agriculture
21
Q

Great Lakes- St. Lawrence

A 
red pine
eastern pine 
eastern hemlock 
yellow birch 
maple 
oak 
-lots of maple syrup comes from here
22
Q

Acadian

A

red spruce
balsam fir
maple
yellow birch
-related to Great lakes, St. Lawrence and Boreal regions
NB, NS, PEI, interface with hardwoods as well

23
Q

Forest helps protect

A

-freshwater

24
Q

Forests are what % of Canada’s Land mass?

A

20% & 22% of freshwater surface area

25
Clear cutting causes
lots of evaporation
26
Biodiversity and Habitat
- over 20% of world's water originates in Canada's forests | - 80% of the world's terrestrial species found in global forests
27
Deforestation rate in Madagascar and Brazil
-parts are almost totally deforested
28
Where are nutrients stored?
Temperate forest store nutrients in soil | Tropical forest store nutrients in biomass (leaf litter trees etc)
29
Role of Biodiversity
- ecosystem connectivity - photosynthesis & Respiration - nutrient cycling - keys to diversity ex) tree growing on another log, fallen log decomposes and other plants start growing on it
30
Komodi Bears
-flagship species (spirit bear, lives in BC, very rare)
31
Flagship species
a species that people will care about and want to save its habitat or the animal, usually cute
32
Economy and non-wood forest products
-442 million/yr for economy | wild rice, mushrooms, animal products, maple syrup, agriculture benefits as well
33
Canada's Forests
10% of world's total forest | -45% of land base
34
How do we manage forests?
need to identify what is being managed in the first place | -define ownership/jurisdiction (who owns it/who has control)
35
Forest Tenure
conditions that govern forest ownership and use
36
Forest Tenure in Canada
94% of forests are publicly owned then the province leases the land to private companies who then cut within guidelines -6% private ownership
37
Forest Industry
Annual harvest=175 million m3/yr 1/5th of global supply exports- lumber, paper, newsprint, pulp 350 dependent communities
38
How many people are employed in timber industry?
over 80,000 | 94 billion$ to Canadian economy
39
Forest Harvesting effects on Ecosystem
1. Biodiversity- reduced natural variability, early successional species, more monocultures, loss of species, fragmentation of habitat, plant in straight rows=little structural diversity) 2. Productivity- biomass taken away from sight, seasonal differences 3. Soils- nutrients gone, erosion, leeching, over saturated nutrients gone from soil 4. Water cycle- less evapotranspiration
40
Forest Fragmentation
due to logging mines limits pathways for animals to walk and travel places bare patches in forest
41
Advantages of Clear Cutting
- money - safer for people cutting - fewer roads - lots of jobs - good when al pine trees are dead due to pine beetle to reduce risk of fire
42
Advantages of Forest Fire
- recycled nutrients - biomass still on site - don't need roads - part of natural cycle - regenerate species
43
Disadvantages of Forest Fire
- dangerous near human community - can get out of control quickly with dead trees and climate change - animals need forest to live
44
Compare fire vs. clear cut
``` Openings- irregular, regular Boundaries- gradual , abrupt Vegetation- left standing, removed Pathogens- most killed, most survive Nutrients- released back into soil, removed Soil- build up with nutrients, compacted and eroded N-fixers- growth, reduced Species- succession, reduced ```
45
Silviculture
theory and practice of controlling establishment, composition, growth, and quality of forest stands - like agriculture but with forest - straight line trees - clean forest floors - can replant and leave shelter wood behind
46
Methods of silviculture
- reforestation replant - monocultures (one type of tree) - NSR- not sufficiently restocked
47
Biocides
kill living things
48
Forest sustainability solutions
- alternatives - value-added-build furniture here, adds value to the trees - renewable practices- rotating cuts - precautionary principle- wait until we know what we are doing - protected areas - research - hollistic view

ENV120 (15 decks)

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