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ENV120 > Chapter 11- Water > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Water Flashcards

1
Q

H2O is

A

a greenhouse gas, it hold heat

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2
Q

drought=

A
  • no clouds

- positive feedback loop

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3
Q

Water in Canada

A
  • lakes and rivers (over 2 million lakes, 8500 named rivers)
  • groundwater (50% of our freshwater, 6million Canadians rely on ground water)
  • glaciers (1000 named glaciers)
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4
Q

What % of Canada is covered with lakes and rivers?

A

12%

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5
Q

aquifer

A

sand and rocks that hold water if oil and gas pipes break through the aquifer must be careful about contaminants

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6
Q

Ground water

A
  • creating by surface water passing into the ground

- contained in sand & gravel, pores and cracks in bedrock (aquifers)

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7
Q

Canada supplies how much global freshwater>

A

20% of global freshwater supply
only 0.5% of the population
-water used to be a commons resource but now it is becoming commercialized

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8
Q

What % of wetlands does Canada have?

A

25%- more than any other country

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9
Q

Importance of wetlands

A
  • cleaning water before it reaches aquifer

- some of most biodiverse areas due to interface between land and water

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10
Q

Intake

A

amount withdrawn or used from water supply

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11
Q

Discharge

A

amount returned to the source

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12
Q

Consumption

A

intake-discharge

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13
Q

recirculation

A

water used 2+ times, or recycled to another use

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14
Q

gross water use

A

intake + recirculation (hydroelectric dams=100% returned to original source
-can decrease water use by having a water meter

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15
Q

wasting water

A

agriculture and irrigation

-very wasteful to water @ 30 degrees

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16
Q

Consumption

A

Canada is 2nd in the world USA is 1st
about 326 litres per person per day at home
refugee camp had 20L per day

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17
Q

Reasons for complacency about water supplies

A

-due to myth of superabundance

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18
Q

Human interventions in hydrological cycle

A
  • water diversions (changing course of a river to divert it somewhere else)
  • divert river into another river has huge ecological implications with species
  • do diversions to avoid flooding
19
Q

How many dams to we have in Canada

A

600 large dams

20
Q

How many water basins?

A

60 large inter-basin diversions

21
Q

Purpose of diversions

A
  1. Increase water supplies for community regions
  2. Deflect watercourses away from or around areas
  3. Enhance capacity of a river for other uses (floating, log transport, wastes)
  4. Combine/consolidate water lows for hydroelectricity
22
Q

James Bay Project

A

** READ IN TEXTBOOK

23
Q

Water pollution comes from…

A

industrial
urban
agriculture

24
Q

point source pollution

A

origin easy to identify (know where it came from)

25
Q

non-point source pollution

A

can’t be identified with specific places

-hard to know where it came from ex) agriculture run-off, car pollution

26
Q

Point Sources

A

ex) factory, pouring stuff into stream, waste from house, institutions
- can be treated to varying degrees

27
Q

3 levels of water treatment

A
  1. Primary- removes only insoluble material (let waste settle out)
  2. Secondary- removes bacterial impurities from water that has already had primary treatment, bacteria that eats up the nasties
  3. Tertiary- removes chemicals and nutrient contaminants following secondary treatment
28
Q

Water Source for Camrose

A

dry mead lake

29
Q

Ways of categorizing water

A

-excellent, good, fair, marginal, poor
Bow River@ cochrane= excellent
Bow River @ Calgary= fair
Athabasca river is in the best shape in many parts of the province

30
Q

Non-point sources

A

diffuse pollution- agricultural and urban run-off
Layered problem-
1st layer- environmental degradation & economic costs imposed on downstream users
2nd layer- ecosystem health or integrity and especially human health
3rd layer- problems regarding human values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour

31
Q

Buffer

A

keep trees and plants around to filter the water, birth control pills into organisms causing gender changes (more females)

32
Q

Solution to pollution

A

dilution (popular phrasing not a good solution)

33
Q

Water Security

A

-ensuring a sufficient quantity of water of adequate quality for human use

34
Q

Watershed

A
  • an area or ridege of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas
  • an area or region drained by a river, river system, or other body of water
35
Q

We are in the…

A

battleriver watershed

36
Q

Water as a hazard

A

Flooding- normal hydrological function

  • water is dynamic and cannot be controlled
  • require regular floods to regenerate organisms
  • Pakistan flood killed over 100s of 1000s of people
37
Q

Reducing Flood Damage

A
  1. Structural Approaches- modify behaviour of natural system by delaying or redirecting flood waters
  2. Non-structural approaches- modify behaviour of the people
38
Q

Levies

A

ways to channel water away

39
Q

Structural Approaches

A
  1. Upstream dams and storage reservoirs
  2. Protective dykes or levees
  3. Deepening or straightening river channels
40
Q

Non-Structural Approaches

A
  1. Land-use zoning
  2. Relocation of structures (move things from areas of flooding)
  3. Information & education
  4. Insurance $$$$- most insurance companies won’t insure if you fill on a flood plane
41
Q

Best strategy?

A

Structural and non-sturctural approaches (mix of the two)

42
Q

Camrose

A

more prone to drought

-2002 and 2008 major drought years

43
Q

Drought

A
  • function of…
  • lack of precipitation
  • temperature
  • evaporation
  • evapotranspiration
  • moisture retention capacity of soil
  • resilience of flora & fauna
  • animals able to wait out the drought
  • some plants wait for drougt to grow/bloom

ENV120 (15 decks)

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