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ENV120 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is life?

A

life. ..
- uses energy
- increases in size and complexity
- reproduces
- reacts to environment
- regulates and maintains internal environment

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2
Q

biotic

A

living

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3
Q

abiotic

A

non-living

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4
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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5
Q

elements

A

simplest building blocks of matter

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6
Q

compounds

A

two or more different elements held tightly together by chemical bonds between their atoms
-important because they can mix with human compounds that bond with the naturally occurring elements/compounds and disrupt the environment

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7
Q

Quality of Matter

A

measure of potential for use, concentration, organization

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8
Q

Energy

A

ability to cause change
ability to do work (movement, growth, reproduction, tissue replacement
-measure in calories
-has no mass and takes up no space

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9
Q

calories

A

amount of heat necessary to raise one gram or mililitre of water one degree C starting at 15 degrees C

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10
Q

Radiant Energy

A

from the sun

-used for photosynthesis, warming

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11
Q

Chemical Energy

A

stored in chemical bonds of molecules

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12
Q

Thermal Energy

A

motion of particles in matter. Feel the energy of particles in matter as heat. Add thermal energy, particles move faster.

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13
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

energy possessed by an object due to its motion of position

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14
Q

Electrical Energy

A

primary source of energy consumption in any modern household

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15
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

derived from an object’s motion and mass (energy of motion)

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16
Q

Potential Energy

A

stored energy available for later

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17
Q

Energy Quality

A

measure of ability to perform useful work

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18
Q

Low Quality energy

A

diffuse, disperses at low temperatures, difficult to gather

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19
Q

High quality energy

A

easy to use, but energy disperses quickly

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20
Q

Inefficient Energy use

A

Humans use high quality energy for tasks in which low quality energy could be used

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21
Q

Economy and technology is…

A

built around transformation of low-quality energy into high-quality energy

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22
Q

Largest source of Energy

A 
the SUN
42%=heating of atmosphere and earth's crust
34%= reflected back 
23%= evaporation
1%=wind/waves
0.023%= photosynthesis
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23
Q

Energy Flow in systems

A

everything is connected
see diagram in Lecture 5
nitrogen is the most abundant

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24
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created nor destroyed

organisms do not create energy they obtain it from the surrounding environments

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25
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

when energy is transformed from one from to another there is always a decrease in useable energy (dispersed energy often lost as heat at low temperatures)

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26
Q

Entropy

A

measure of disorder or randomness of a system (higher entropy=increase loss)

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27
Q

Which law is most important for organisms?

A

2nd law- must continually expend energy to maintain themselves

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28
Q

What do many ecological problems result from?

A

transformation of society from a renewable to non-renewable

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29
Q

Photosynthesis

A

CO2+ water+ sunlight–> O2+ CHO +water

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30
Q

Autotroph

A

organisms that can capture energy to manufacture matter (aka producer/primary producer) create their own food

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31
Q

Types of Autotrophs

A

Phototrophs- obtain energy from light

Chemoautotrophs- gain energy from chemicals available in the environment

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32
Q

Heterotroph/Consumer

A

eat other organisms for energy supply

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33
Q

Types of Heterotrophs

A

Herbivore- eat producers, source of energy for other heterotrophs
Carnivore- eat Primary and Secondary consumers
Decomposers- eat dead organisms/take nutrients and put it back into the earth

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34
Q

Omnivore

A

Have broad diets

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35
Q

Detrivore

A

earthworm, helps start the process

36
Q

@ Trophic Levels

A

1) Producers
2) Primary consumers (herbivores)
3) Secondary consumers (carnivores)
4) Tertiary Consumers (top carnivores)

37
Q

Food Web

A

numerous alternative route for energy flow through ecosystem

38
Q

Food Chain

A

implies organization

small food chains have less resistance to change

39
Q

Resilience

A

ability of an ecosystem to recover from change

40
Q

Mid-latitude web vs. Arctic web

A

Arctic web does not have many species therefore if you take something out there will be drastic change whereas in the mid-latitude web each organism is linked to many different things so it is more resilient to change

41
Q

Arctic Food Webs

A
  • very short = very efficient

- less entropy (less dispersion)

42
Q

Biotic pyramids

A
  • lose energy at each trophic level (10%)
  • loss of biomass at each level
  • 2nd law of thermodynamics applies
  • anthropomorphic due to hierarchy
43
Q

How are these Laws relevant to Humans?

A
  • can’t get something for nothing
  • everything has to go somewhere (waste)
  • recycling (energy vs. matter) takes energy to recycle
  • efficient choices of energy (eat lower on food chain)
44
Q

Vegetarianism- Pros

A
  • 8-16kg of grain = 1kg of beef
  • less energy needed to feed people
  • heath and nutrition (fats-cancer&heart disease)
  • animal welfare
  • enviro impact of meat production
  • coast- purchase, storage, cleaning
45
Q

Vegetarianism Cons

A
  • not all environmental impacts from agriculture are due to meat
  • meat production can be ethical
  • plant production also generates impacts
  • natural to eat animals
  • can be unhealthy
  • meat and plant production can be compatible
  • genetically modified foods
46
Q

Gross Primary Productivity

A

rate at which energy is transformed into biomass

47
Q

biomass

A

the sum of all living material or a species in an environment

48
Q

Net primary productivity

A

NPP=GPP-R(cellular respiration from autotrophs)

- amounts of energy available to heterotrophs

49
Q

Most productive areas in ecosystems per unit

A

estuaries
tropical rain forests (lots of biomass)
marshes and swamps (lots of critters)

50
Q

estuaries

A

rivers meet oceans

51
Q

ecotones

A

two habitat/ecozones coming together

52
Q

Net Community Productivity

A

Subtracts respiration from heterotrophs
Increases as community matures to a maximization of NCP
HUmans look to maximize NPP
Problem- want to take it when it has most amount of potential gain

53
Q

Ecosystem Structure

A
  1. Individual Organism
  2. Population
  3. Community
  4. Ecosystem
  5. Biome
54
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of a species

55
Q

Community

A

population of several species

56
Q

Ecosystem

A

collection of communities interacting in the environment

57
Q

Biome

A

many ecosystems together

classified by dominant vegetation and animal communities (climate)

58
Q

Ecosystem components

A

Biotic- living

Abiotic- non living- but critical to the system

59
Q

Soils

A

come from parent material

60
Q

parent material

A
  • remains of bedrock or where sediments deposited by water, ice, landslides, wind
61
Q

Inorganic Elements in Soils

A

Ca (Calcium)
Fe (Iron)
Mn (Manganese)
P (Phosphorus)

62
Q

Soil horizons

A 
layers forming in the soil 
organic matter 
Dark- rich in humus 
light coloured 
Varied
63
Q

Soil profile

A

View across these horizons

64
Q

Fossorial species

A

live underground, change in soil can change an entire ecosystem

65
Q

Limiting Factors (abiotic)

A 
Temperature (increase cause change)
Water Availability (dominant limiting factor) 
Nutrient Availability (phosphorous in a water body)
66
Q

Law of Tolerance

A

species’ existence (presence, number, and distribution) is determined by level of factors in a tolerable range
(BELL CURVE) zone of intolerance, zone of physiological stress, optimum range

67
Q

Niche

A

combination of physical, chemical, and biological conditions for a species growth (soils, minerals)

68
Q

Habitat

A

where a species lives

69
Q

Specialist Species

A

narrow niche, end up in trouble

70
Q

Generalist species

A

very broad niche, many potential food items

71
Q

Biodiversity types

A

1) Genetic diversity- enough genetic resilience to bounce back
2) Species Diversity- species richness (count how many species are in an area)

72
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

No two species can occupy the same niche in the same area

73
Q

Fundamental Nice

A

potential

74
Q

REalized niche

A

reality

75
Q

Interspecific interactions

A

between different species

  • competition where niche are similar
  • resource partitioning (divide resources so you don’t compete against each other)
76
Q

Predation

A

death (owl eats mouse)

77
Q

Parasitism

A

type of predation involving parasites (may be slow process, not always death)
parasites are smaller than the prey

78
Q

Mutualism

A

both species benefit

79
Q

Commensalism

A

one plant that grows on another

-One benefits the other no effect

80
Q

Extinction

A

no individuals of a species exist on Earth

81
Q

Extirpation

A

no individuals of a species left in a certain area

82
Q

exotic

A

brought into ecosystem on purpose or by accident

83
Q

endemic

A

normally thrives in a specific ecosystem

84
Q

indicator

A

used to watch the environment

85
Q

Keystone species

A

have disproportionately large effect on enviro relative to its own needs

86
Q

Impacts of global climate change

A
  • numbers and distribution of species
  • functioning of ecosystems (energy and matter flows)
  • productivity
  • food webs
87
Q

Implications of climate change

A

species with largest range of tolerance will increase

-see changes in species ranges, abundance and number

ENV120 (15 decks)

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