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ENV120 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecozone

A

classification system that defines different parts of the environment with similar geography, vegetation, and animal life

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2
Q

Tundra and Arctic

A

precipitation= low
climate= dry
-arctic willow, polar bear, muscox (endemic to arctic)

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3
Q

Boreal (Taiga)

A
  • forrest (pine, white spruce, black spruce, white birch, aspen)
  • dominated by wildfire
  • black bears , red fox
  • lots of lakes and wetlands
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4
Q

Temperate Rain Forest

A
  • highest biodiversity in Canada
  • douglas fir
  • spotted owl, sitka, black tailed deer
  • heavily influenced by precipitation caused by Pacific Ocean
  • dynamic interface between ocean, rivers, and land
  • salmon spawning brings nutrients back to the land
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5
Q

Montane Cordillera

A
  • mountain ranges
  • temperature changes
  • high snow pack
  • mountain species of animals (mountain goat, big horned sheep, marmots)
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6
Q

pikas

A

indicators of climate change found on prairies and mountains

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7
Q

Prairie

A

good bison habitat

  • height of grass determines what species will be there
  • badger, bison, hawk
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8
Q

Mixed grass

A

where 2 ecosystems come together

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9
Q

Mixed Wood Plaines

A
  • mix of spruce and aspen
  • high biodiversity
  • 2 ecosystems come together
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10
Q

Atlantic Maritime

A

hardwood maple, beach, oak,

  • salamanders, turtles,
  • different from west coast
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11
Q

Mountains

A

show ecosystem changes through latitude due to change in temperature
going up is like driving from south to north

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12
Q

Figure 3-17

A

Chart FOUND IN LECTURE 7

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13
Q

Marine Ecosystem

A

oceans, Pacific, arctic, atlantic
-costal area, open sea
deep ocean = low biodiversity
estuaries= high biodiversity

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14
Q

Freshwater Ecosystem

A

rivers, streams, wetlands, lakes,

- depends on depth (due to how much light for photosynthesis)

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15
Q

Implications

A

understanding helps management and protection

  • natural vs. human induced change
  • change= complex over space and time
  • presents major management challenges
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16
Q

Scientific Method

A

1) Observe
2) Develop Hypothesis
3) Design controlled experiment
4) Collect and Record Data
5) Interpret Data
6) Conclusion
7) Compare conclusion with hypothesis
8) Accept hypothesis
9) Reject hypothesis

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17
Q

Hypothesis Testing

A
  1. Question derived from observations and literature
  2. hypothesis generated to explain phenomenon
    Experiments or observations to disprove the hypothesis
  3. If can’t disprove than incorporate into theory
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18
Q

Ecological Succession

A
  • slow adaptive process
  • gradual replacement of one assemblage of species by another, as conditions change over time
  • use science to try and understand
  • competition between species
  • fire= natural process
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19
Q

Primary Succession

A
  • colonization and subsequent occupancy of a previously unvegetated surface
  • primary colonizers
  • glacier recedes back
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20
Q

Primary Colonizer

A
  • plant growth
  • mosses or lichen (fungi and algae)
  • photosynthetic structures
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21
Q

Common Successional Pattern

A

Lichen to moss to soils to herbaceous plants to shrubs to trees

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22
Q

Seral Stage

A

each step

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23
Q

Climax Community

A

final potential of ecosystem

-most productive stage

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24
Q

Cyclic succession

A
  • ecosystem gets to a certain level and then fire, flood, wind, or colcano brings it back to an earlier sucession stage
25
Q

Secondary Succession

A

have some soil and there is still stuff to work with

26
Q

Eutrophication

A
  • natural aging of aquatic systems
  • increase in nutrient flows over time and increased plant grouwth and increased organic material
  • decreased O2
  • highly productive
27
Q

Immature Ecosystem

A
  • high net productivity
  • low species diversity
  • open nutrient cycles
  • more generalists
  • liner food chains
  • poor nutrient conservation
  • low stability
28
Q

Mature Ecostyems

A
  • low net productivity
  • high species diversity (depends of ecosystem)
  • closed nutrient cycles
  • more specialists
  • food web
  • good nutrient conservation
  • higher stability
29
Q

Ecosystem homeostasis

A
  • constant characteristics (n balance)

- internal processes adjust for changes in external conditions (dynamic equilibrium)

30
Q

Inertia

A

ability of an ecosystem to withstand change

31
Q

Resilience

A

ability to recover to the original state following disturbances

  • vegetation starts to come back
  • tundra= less resilience
32
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A
  • increases change in a positive direction
  • exacerbates and makes it worse
  • dangerous
    ex) global warming (starts with increase temperature)
    ex) bear and human contact
33
Q

Negative Feedback loop

A

moderates the change

ex) animal signs decrease number of animal fatalities on the road

34
Q

level of biodiversity

A

1) genetic
2) species
3) ecosystem

35
Q

biodiversity

A

number of species, amount of genetic variation, and number of community types in an area

36
Q

Biodiversity in Canada

A
  • species numbers decline from tropics to poles

- temperature is a major factor (solar radiation)

37
Q

Biotic Potential

A

max rate at which a species may increase if there is no enviro resistance

38
Q

Population Ecology

A

study of dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the enviro

39
Q

Population

A

group of inter-bdreeding organisms of the same species

40
Q

Population Density

A

population per area

41
Q

Population dynamics

A

changes in population (births - deaths + immigration - emigration)

42
Q

Density dependent

A

as population density increases, rate of growth decreases

-animals may also not breed or not produce offspring

43
Q

delayed implantation

A

in enviro is too populated fertilized egg gets discharged

44
Q

Density independent

A

population operative on a positive feedback loop more individuals=higher birth rate ex) humans

45
Q

species area curves

A

as area increases in size the number of species also increases

46
Q

r-strategists

A

large #s of young, little post natal care

  • small & short life
  • rapid reproduction
  • early seral stages
  • pioneering species
47
Q

k-strategists

A
  • few offspring, lots of time raising them
  • live longer and are larger
  • reach carrying capacity and are relatively stable
48
Q

evolution

A

populations adapt to change via evolution

-change in genetic make-up over time

49
Q

natural selection

A

favour certain conditions and species that are able to adapt

  • mechanism in evolution
  • survival of the fittest
50
Q

species

A

life forms that resemble one another can interbreed successfully and producing fertile offspring
-similarity in DNA and morphology

51
Q

Coevolution

A

change in one species causes change to occur in another

  • one cannot live without the other
  • ultimate in specialized species
52
Q

Speciation

A

formation of new species as a result of divergent natural selection
-response to natural changes
CAUSES- isolation, interspecific competition, mutation

53
Q

Effects of human activities

A
  • huge effects
  • monocultures are susceptible to outbreaks
  • ex) pine beetle
54
Q

Alien or Invader species

A

imported species not native to a location neutered insects brought to kill a specific pnat

55
Q

Atlantic Puffin

A

live on side of cliff and return phosphorus, nitrogen back into enviro through feces and fish

56
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

57
Q

4 major kind of organic compounds

A
  1. CHO
  2. Fats
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
58
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter

A

-matter cannot be created or destroyed but simply transformed from one form to another by heat or pressure (gas liquid solid)

59
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

path where a chemical element moves through both biotic and abiotic compartments of an ecosystem

ENV120 (15 decks)

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