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ENV120 > Chapter 12- Minerals and Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Minerals and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

exploration

A

search for known reserves (some types can traumatically effect enviro

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2
Q

Ore

A

mixture of minerals

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3
Q

mining

A

ore extraction & processing

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4
Q

overburden

A

material covering a known reserve -mostly soil, must take stuff off, store it, and then get what you want)

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5
Q

Smelting

A

roasting metal-rich fraction of ore to release S02

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6
Q

Steps in Mining

A

1) Exploration
2) development and extraction
3) processing
4) closure and reclamation

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7
Q

Impacts of Exploration

A

generally low, some habitat disturbances soil & water contamination, roads

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8
Q

Impacts of extraction and processing

A

acid mine drainage, water and soil contamination, large scale habitat destruction, atmospheric contamination, acid rain (scrubbers in inside of smoke stack)

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9
Q

Closure and reclamation

A

continued water and soil contamination, landscape alteration, socio-economic impacts

  • if not reclaimed properly can lead to life long problems with acid rain
  • reclamation not always back to original state
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10
Q

Open pit mining

A

progressively larger and deeper pit, starts with first layer and then makes pit larger and deeper

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11
Q

Strip mining

A

strip dug out, waste filled into previous cut

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12
Q

Undergrand mining

A

subsurface operation, go underground sometimes very dangerous due to potential gas build up

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13
Q

Milling

A

crushing and grinding ores to separate the useful from non useful material- some use water

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14
Q

Tailings

A

the non useful material that remains (big issues in mining)

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15
Q

Re-newable (flow) Resources

A

renewed naturally

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16
Q

Non-Renewable (Stock) resources

A

fixed in supply ex) oil, gas, coal

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17
Q

Critical Zone

A

-can be harvested or exploited to exhaustion (renewable resources if used sustainably)
fish, forests, animals, soils, water, aquifers

18
Q

Non-critical zone

A
  • resources that will not deplete due to exploitation or over-harvesting
    ex) air, water, solar energy, tides, wind
19
Q

Consumed by use

A

oil, gas, coal

20
Q

Theoretically recoverable

A

all elemental minerals

21
Q

Recyclable

A

metallic minerals

22
Q

Canada is major exporter of…

A

gold, nickel, potash, copper, cement

23
Q

Enviro Challenges of Mining

A 
Acid Mine drainage 
SO2 emissions 
Metal Toxicity 
disruption of ecosystem 
habitat degradation 
disturb aquatic ecosystems
radioactive waste
hydroelectric dams ruining ecosystems
24
Q

Acid Mine Drainage

A
  • most ore contains iron sulphides
  • after processing, iron sulphides in tailings can oxidize to become sulphuric acid
  • with precipitation, sulphuric acid can dissolve residual metals-> acidic drainage
25
Q

Sulphur Dioxide Emissions

A
  • to recover metals, ore semlted (high heat) to remove sulphides
  • major contributor to SO2 emissions
26
Q

Mobile phones

A
  • use 22 natural resources extracted from all over the world
  • huge economic industry
  • lots of copper in cell phones
27
Q

Canada in the World

A

Saskatchewan= largest producer of potash in the world
-most efficient mining in the world
Diavik Diamond Mine
-opened in 2003 after 1.3billion$ invested into the project

28
Q

Challenges of Mining in the North

A

1) Treaty 8 and 11 land claim negotiations
2) concerned aboriginals- about knowledge being used outside of its context
3) not one set of traditional knowledge, lots of different aboriginal groups

29
Q

Enviro Impacts and Mitigations

A

Mining tailings- down stream water quality a concern, crushed rock put into Long Lake tailings impound, capacity is too small

  • Barren-ground caribou- believed to have a small impact, but population down 5% since mine opened
  • Water issues- changes due to lake drainage to facilitate opening the mine, contaminants, needs long term monitoring
  • Fish- in 12 of 15 lakes, BHP compensated for fish loss, expected counterbalance due to net loss of fish habitats in the North
30
Q

Renewable Energy

A
  • geothermal
  • tidal
  • wind
  • wave
  • biomass- uses waste from crops and burns it in rural areas and 3rd world countries
  • solar
31
Q

Non-Renewale energy

A
  • coal
  • oil
  • fuels
  • natural gas
  • nuclear fuels
32
Q

How to choose Energy resource?

A
  1. Occurrence- confined to specific environment and location
  2. Transferability- distance which energy can travel
  3. Energy content- amount of useable energy
  4. Reliability- uninterrupted availability
  5. Storability- advantageous in case of unreliable source
  6. Flexibility- greater variety of end uses
  7. Safety & impact- risk to human health & enviro
  8. Cleanliness & convenience- cleaner & convenient= better than dirty and cumbersome
  9. Price- less expensive=desirable
33
Q

WInd Power Advantages

A
  • renewable
  • no toxic or radio active waste
  • quiet
  • not hazard to birds/wildlife
  • 2% of land use thus land can still be used for agriculture
  • payment to land owners= income
34
Q

Wind Power Disadvantages

A
  • inconsistent
  • negative impact on landscape
  • noise from large wind farms
  • disrupt migratory routes
  • loss of habitat
  • disturbs frequency of sound waves used in animal communication
35
Q

Solar Power Advantages

A

renewable

  • free energy (after cost of infrastructure)
  • payback time short
  • can stand alone (good for isolated areas)
  • decrease GHG emissions
36
Q

Solar Power Disadvantages

A
  • cloudy= decrease capacity
  • need large surface area
  • aesthetic impact
  • decrease area for farming
37
Q

Athabasca oil sands

A
  • failed to deter duck from tailings pond
  • 1 barrel= 4 tonnes of material extracted & 2-5 barrels of water
  • air pollution
  • ^toxins
  • fragmentation of boreal forest
  • loss of wetlands & forest habitat
  • dewatering aquifers
  • water removed from athabasca river
  • decrease fish population
38
Q

Bitumen

A

various minerals that will burn

39
Q

In situ recovery

A

usually done via stream-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD)

40
Q

Nuclear Power

A
  • 14-15% of Canada’s power
  • Ontario=most dependent
  • Storage of nuclear waste= problem
    1) deep disposal- isolate waste
    2) centralized on site storage- short term solution)
    3) hybrid- combo of methods

ENV120 (15 decks)

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