Chapter 9: Emotions in Social Relationships

Question 1

Stephanie Coontz

Answer 1

outlines the historical evolution of marriage

Question 2

principles of sexual love

Answer 2

the initiation of romantic partnerships is influenced by two primary emotions:
- sexual desire
- romantic love

Question 3

sexual desire

Answer 3

characterized by sexual interest and ideation, is initially responsive to cues of physical attractiveness and signals of youth, strength, and power

Question 4

uniqueness of desire

Answer 4

emerges as a crucial factor in the early stages of romantic attraction, fostering long-term bonds

Question 5

romantic love

Answer 5

as partners spend more time together, sexual desire can transition into romantic love, characterized by deep intimacy, devotion, and commitment

Question 6

gender differences in sexual desire

Answer 6

• women desire is related to intimacy
• men desire is related to sexual intercourse

Question 7

responsiveness

Answer 7

being attentive to each other’s emotions

Question 8

resolution

Answer 8

collaborating to address stress

Question 9

maintenance

Answer 9

finding ways to build affection and commitment

Question 10

toxic emotional behaviors predict divorce

Answer 10

“the four horsemen of the apocalypse:
- criticism
- defensiveness
- stonewalling
- contempt
couples exhibiting these behaviors are more likely to divorce

Question 11

cooperation

Answer 11

plays a crucial role in human evolution

Question 12

gratitude

Answer 12

identified as a moral emotion that binds people together in cooperative social living

Question 13

3 functions of gratitude

Answer 13

• acts as a barometer, helping individuals keep track of cooperative and non-cooperative friends
• gratitude motivates altruistic behavior by fostering generosity, favors, and expressions of appreciation, critical for maintaining long-term commitments among friends
• expression of gratitude, whether verbal or nonverbal, serves as a reward, reinforcing cooperative behavior and increasing the likelihood of future collaboration

Question 14

emotional mimicry

Answer 14

the unconscious imitation of others facial expressions, postural movements, tones of voice, and gait, is a significant aspect of social interactions, particularly in forming and strengthening friendships

Question 15

power

Answer 15

defined as the capacity to influence others, considered a fundamental element that shapes our interpersonal interactions in various relationships

Question 16

the first perspective to explain the relationship between power and emotions

Answer 16

the first perspective suggests that our experiences and expression of emotions play a role in negotiating our rank, status, or relative power within social hierarchies. in this view, emotions help individuals assume power-related roles in social structures, whether as a parent, manager, or woman

Question 17

the second perspective to explain the relationship between power and emotions

Answer 17

the second perspective reverses the causal order, proposing that power-related dynamics within social hierarchies influence appraisal, experience, expression, and physiology of emotions. this approach emphasizes the impact of power dynamics on the emotional experiences and expressions of individuals within social settings

Question 18

social rank theory of emotion

Answer 18

power or powerlessness is intertwined with the experience and expression of certain emotions like shame, embarrassment, pride, and envy

Question 19

social rituals

Answer 19

including expressions of grief, joy, and allegiance, often revolve around emotions that solidify group members rank within social hierarchies

Question 20

Emile Durkheim

Answer 20

a pioneering social scientist, emphasized the role of collective emotions in shaping our group identity. coined the term ‘collective effervescence’

Question 21

collective effervescence

Answer 21

used to describe shared emotional experiences during group rituals, fostering greater solidarity

Question 22

group-based emotions

Answer 22

emotions that individuals experience as a result of their identification with a social group. they are tied to the individual’s perception of the group’s successes, failures, or actions

Question 23

collective emotions

Answer 23

emotions shared and experienced by a group of people simultaneously. they arise from a shared experience and are expressed collectively, often amplifying the emotional response

Question 24

awe

Answer 24

characterized by the feelings of being in the presence of vast things that are not immediately understood

Question 25

anger directed at the out-group

Answer 25

more likely when individual group members perceive their own group as strong compared to the out-group, especially when they strongly identify with their group

Question 26

infrahumanization

Answer 26

individuals tend to attribute animal-like qualities to out-group members, denying them full human attributes