Chapter 4: Communication of Emotions

Question 1

Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen

Answer 1

categorized nonverbal behavior into five groups
- emblems
- illustrators
- regulators
- self-adaptors
- emotional expressions

Question 2

emblems

Answer 2

nonverbal gestures like thumbs up or peace sign that directly translate into words and differ widely in meaning across cultures

Question 3

illustrators

Answer 3

nonverbal gesture that accompanies speech, making communication vivid

Question 4

regulators

Answer 4

nonverbal behaviors that we use to coordinate conversations, such as head nods and eyebrow flashes

Question 5

self-adaptors

Answer 5

nervous behaviors that lack seeming intentions and often go unnoticed but can impact others perceptions, influencing beliefs about honesty when displayed

Question 6

emotional expressions

Answer 6

patterns of behaviors in the face, body, and touch that convey emotions. brief duration, involuntary muscle actions, unique temporal unfolding

Question 7

Darwin

Answer 7

characterized emotions as consisting of wide arrays of states that involve facial muscle movements, vocalization, and body movements. Darwin proposes 3 principles as to why humans express emotions through specific patterns of behavior:
- principle of serviceable habits
- principle of antithesis
- principle of nervous discharge

Question 8

principle of serviceable habits

Answer 8

explains how certain physical expressions of emotion evolved because they originally served a practical or functional purpose

Question 9

principle of antithesis

Answer 9

posits that opposing emotional states are associated with opposing expressions

Question 10

principle of nervous discharge

Answer 10

suggests that excess, undirected energy is released through random expressions like face touches, leg jiggles, and similar behaviors

Question 11

encoding hypothesis (Sylvan Tomkins, Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard)

Answer 11

suggests that certain emotional states are biologically hardwired and encoded into our facial muscles, allowing people from all cultures to produce similar expressions for basic emotions

Question 12

decoding hypothesis (Sylvan Tomkins, Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard)

Answer 12

suggests that humans have an innate ability to decode or recognize specific emotional states based on universal facial expressions, regardless of cultural or individual differences

Question 13

two methods of communication of emotion are explored

Answer 13

• emotion-related prosody; the tone and rhythm of speech
• vocal bursts; brief nonword utterances

Question 14

functions of touch

Answer 14

• soothing
• signaling safety
• increasing cooperation
• provide pleasure

Question 15

intensity variation

Answer 15

cultural differences are observed in the intensity of emotional expression, particularly for emotions that are culturally emphasized

Question 16

regulation according to display rules

Answer 16

culture-specific display rules influence how individuals regulate their expressive behavior

Question 17

cultural dialects in emotional expression

Answer 17

recent studies support the concept of cultural dialects in emotional expression. cultures develop unique ways of expressing emotions

Question 18

cultural variation in emotional expression

Answer 18

stem from differences in belief systems about emotion, intentions, traits, selves, and relationships. individuals from different cultures interpret the meaning of emotional expressions differently

Question 19

American vs Japanese

Answer 19

japanese tend to attribute less intense emotion than Americans to facial expressions. this difference arises from cultural perspectives on the relationship between outward display and inner experience. Japanese individuals assume that the display and inner experience of emotion are the same