Chapter 13: Emotional Disorders in Adulthood

Question 1

depression

Answer 1

often referred to as a mood disorder, is characterized by intense sadness and enduring despair that can be emotionally distressing and strip life of meaning

Question 2

anxiety disorder

Answer 2

take various forms, typically entail prolonged periods of disabling anxiety, avoidance of feared situations, and a decline in personal confidence

Question 3

major depression

Answer 3

can be chronic and recurrent

Question 4

depression identified by DSM-5

Answer 4

involved enduring sadness or loss of pleasure for at least two weeks, impaired function in various aspects of life, and at least five other symptoms such as depressed mood, changes in appetite or sleep, fatigue, and thoughts of suicide

Question 5

bipolar disorder

Answer 5

distinct from major depression, involves episodes of mania, characterized by heightened happiness, energy, and grandiosity, often followed by severe depression

Question 6

anxiety disorder diagnosed after at least 6 months

Answer 6

encompass conditions like panic attacks, phobias, agoraphobia (fear of leaving home), social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 7

posttraumatic stress disorder

Answer 7

triggered by traumatic events, involves intense anxiety, flashbacks, and avoidance behavior

Question 8

trauma

Answer 8

defined as an event that radically violates basic assumptions about the world, leading to disruptions in memory systems and intense fears

Question 9

diathesis-stress hypothesis

Answer 9

explain emotional disorder as a result of an inherent vulnerability combined with a triggering stressor. this model suggests that genetic predispositions interact with environmental stressors to cause emotional disorders

Question 10

genetic influences

Answer 10

play a significant role in shaping human traits, preferences, abilities, personality, and susceptibility to emotional disorders and addictions

Question 11

polygenic effects

Answer 11

tiny influences from groups of genes interacting with specific environments

Question 12

3 groups of mental disorders in childhood or adolescence

Answer 12

• internalizing (depression, anxiety)
• externalizing (antisocial behavior, substance abuse)
• thought disorder (psychosis)

Question 13

highest rates of mental disorders

Answer 13

are found in more individualistic societies like the US, where competition is high

Question 14

lower rates of mental disorders

Answer 14

observed in interdependent societies

Question 15

Brown and Harris (1978)

Answer 15

found that 89% of women with depression experienced severe life stressors like job loss or bereavement

Question 16

life events and difficulties schedule

Answer 16

developed to more accurately assess life stressors

Question 17

depression and anxiety

Answer 17

often co-occur and increase the risk of the other

Question 18

social support

Answer 18

refers to relationships that shield individuals from mental disorders

Question 19

good social support

Answer 19

reduces the likelihood of depression following adverse events

Question 20

early experiences

Answer 20

particularly involving the loss of a mother or inadequate parental care, significantly influences susceptibility to emotional disorders in adulthood

Question 21

depressive episodes

Answer 21

people who experience depressive episodes are more likely to have another, with vulnerability increasing with each episode

Question 22

stress sensitization

Answer 22

suggests that depression becomes easier to trigger over time, even by less severe events

Question 23

rumination

Answer 23

repeatedly focusing on distress prolongs depression, as shown in studies where ruminators have lower moods months after a traumatic event

Question 24

worsen relationship

Answer 24

depression can worsen relationships, which can extend the condition

Question 25

attentional biases

Answer 25

anxiety often becomes chronic and is sustained by attentional biases, with people focusing on fear-inducing stimuli

Question 26

key brain areas associated with depression

Answer 26

• frontal lobes
• hippocampus
• amygdala

Question 27

frontal cortex

Answer 27

studies show that individuals with depression may have lower volumes in the frontal cortex, particularly the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex

Question 28

the amygdala

Answer 28

crucial in appraising novelty and concern relevance, shows greater activation in depressed individuals when exposed to emotional stimuli. amygdala’s prolonged activation in response to negative comments suggests its hyperactivity in depression

Question 29

schizophrenia

Answer 29

0.87% lifetime prevalence, with slightly more females affected. is influenced by genetics and can occur without adversity

Question 30

schizophrenia diagnosis

Answer 30

requires severe dysfunction in relationships, work, or self-care, with at least two symptoms lasting over a month

Question 31

emotional expression in schizophrenia patients

Answer 31

often involves diminished emotional expressions, with sufferers feeling emotions but showing less outward expression

Question 32

expressed emotion

Answer 32

expressed emotion in families can predict relapse, with high expressed emotion increasing relapse risk

Question 33

acceptance and flexibility

Answer 33

acceptance and flexibility in family can reduce relapse rates

Question 34

psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 34

studies how emotional factors impact physial health

Question 35

Whitehall Studies

Answer 35

found that lower status in the British Civil Service was linked to poorer health and a higher risk of heart disease. higher job control and life satisfaction were protective

Question 36

Kiecolf-Glaser

Answer 36

found that acute stress can reduce immune response and slow wound healing; chronic stress and depression also contributes to inflammation and high blood pressure