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Medical Terminology > Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic, & Immune Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic, & Immune Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Responsibility of the Blood:

A

Responsible for transporting O2/CO2 and provide cells that fight against disease. Also protects the body from blood loss by the action of clotting.

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2
Q

Responsibility of the Lymphatic System:

A

Responsible for cell communication by delivering nutrients, hormones, and other needed products to body cells while removing their waste. Also provides cells of the immune system to fight diseases.

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3
Q

Responsibility of the Immune System:

A

Defend the body against disease.

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4
Q

Define antibody:

A

Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of specific foreign antigens; combine with antigens to destroy or neutralize them.

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5
Q

Define antigen:

A

Substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual.

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6
Q

Define bile pigment:

A

Substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver. Interference of excretion of bile may cause jaundice.

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7
Q

Define cytokine:

A

Chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells. These are important chemical communicators in immune response, regulating many activities associated with immunity and inflammation.

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8
Q

Define dendritic cell:

A

Specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surface and presents them to the components of the immune system.

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9
Q

Define immunocompetent:

A

Possessing the ability to develop an immune response.

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10
Q

Define natural killer (NK) cells:

A

Specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt their cell membranes, causing their intracellular fluid to leak out. These are components of the innate immune system and do not require prior sensitization to engage in cell destruction.

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11
Q

What is blood?

A

Connective tissue composed of a liquid medium called plasma, in which solid components are suspended. Formed in the bone marrow; stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to blastic forms of all types of blood cells. Once the blood cells mature, they enter the circulatory system.

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12
Q

Medical word for RBC:

A

erythrocyte

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13
Q

Medical word for WBC:

A

leukocyte

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14
Q

Medical word for platelet:

A

thrombocyte

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15
Q

Define blastic

A

embryonic

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16
Q

Define hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis

A

Development of blood cells into their mature forms.

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17
Q

Tell me about RBCs

A

Also called erythrocytes; function is to transport O2/CO2, and they’re the most numerous type of blood cell. Mature RBCs are shaped like biconcave discs, because they extrude their nuclei just before maturation. They develop Hgb that gives them their red color, and they live ~120 days before they rupture.

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18
Q

hemoglobin, Hb, Hgb

A

Specialized, iron-containing compound on RBCs that give them their red color.

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19
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Product of broken down Hgb that returns to the bone marrow for reuse in a different form to manufacture new blood cells.

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20
Q

Tell me about WBCs

A

Also called leukocytes, these protect the body against foreign pathogens and substances. These are essential to the healing process, because they can perform phagocytosis. They also perform diapedesis, and are divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes.

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21
Q

What’s phagocytosis?

A

Ingestion and destruction of bacteria and other foreign particles.

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22
Q

What’s diapedesis?

A

Migration through the endothelial walls of capillaries and venules to enter tissue spaces.

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23
Q

Define granulocytes

A

Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs); WBCs that have granules present in their cytoplasm. These are further classified according to the staining reaction of their granules during preparation for blood smears.

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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24
Q

Neutrophils

A

1) Granules appear lilac color.
2) First cells to arrive at the site of an injury.
3) Provides non-specific protection via phagocytosis; dies as a result of this.

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25
Q

Eosinophils

A

1) Granules appear a red color.
2) Combats multicellular parasites (worm infections).
3) Controls mechanisms associated with allergies.

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26
Q

Basophils

A

1) Granules appear purple color.

2) Initiates inflammation.

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27
Q

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs)

A

Another name for granulocytes; called this because their nuclei are so deeply lobed that they appear to have multiple nuclei.

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28
Q

Define agranulocytes:

A

Leukocytes that have an absence of granules in their cytoplasm; also called mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs). Separated into lymphocytes and monocytes.

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29
Q

Lymphocytes

A

1) Agranular

2) Provides acquired (specific) immunity

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30
Q

Monocytes

A

1) Agranular
2) Performs a mildly phagocytic function.
3) Becomes a macrophage when it enters tissues and functions in immunity.

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31
Q

Tell me about platelets:

A

Also called thrombocytes; smallest formed element found in the blood. These aren’t true cells, but merely cell fragments, and they initiate blood clotting.

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32
Q

Thromboplastin

A

A substance that initiates clot formation that’s released by platelets.

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33
Q

Fibrinogen

A

A soluble blood protein that becomes insoluble to form fibrin strands and act as a net to stop bleeding.

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34
Q

Thrombus, blood clot

A

A jelly-like mass of blood cells and fibrin that impedes the flow of blood into surrounding tissues.

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35
Q

Tell me about plasma:

A

Thin, colorless fluid that makes up the liquid portion of blood. Small amounts of plasma continually leak from capillaries into surrounding tissues to deliver nutrients and exchange for wastes, which makes communication between cells possible.

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36
Q

Blood serum

A

Product of blood plasma formed when fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed from the plasma.

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37
Q

What are the 4 human blood types?

A

A, B, AB, and O.

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38
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Consists of a fluid called lymph, and contains lymphocytes, monocytes, lymph vessels, nodes, the spleen, the thymus, and the tonsils.

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39
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system:

A

1) Maintain fluid balance in the body by draining interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood.
2) Transports lipids away from digestive organs for use by body tissues.
3) Filters and removes unwanted or infectious products in lymph nodes.

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40
Q

2 ducts of the lymphatic system:

A

1) Right lymphatic duct: drains fluid from the right chest/arm and head. Drains into the right subclavian vein.
2) Thoracic duct: Drains fluid from the rest of the body. Drains into the left subclavian vein..

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41
Q

How does the lymphatic system work?

A

1) As blood circulates, a small amount of plasma seeps from the capillaries into the surrounding tissue.
2) Interstitial fluid carries needed products to tissues and removes their wastes.
3) Upon completion, the fluid either returns to the circulatory system as plasma, or enters lymph capillaries to form lymph fluid.
4) Enters lymph nodes where macrophages phagocytize bacteria and T and B cells exert their protective influence.
5) Once filtered, lymph exits the node through efferent vessels and eventually makes its way back to the circulatory system.

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42
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

Closed-ended microscopic vessels of the lymphatic system.

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43
Q

Tell me about the Spleen:

A

Resembles a lymph node, because it acts as a filter by removing cell debris, bacteria, and parasites. Also destroys old RBCs and acts as a repository for healthy blood cells.

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44
Q

Tell me about the thymus:

A

Located in the mediastinum and controls the immune system by transforming certain lymphocytes into T cells to function in the immune system.

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45
Q

Tell me about the tonsils:

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx that act as filters to protect the upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens.

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46
Q

Function of the immune system:

A

Protect the body from pathogens.

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47
Q

Innate (nonspecific) Immunity:

A

Includes barriers designed to keep pathogens from entering the body, and is called innate because it’s present from the very beginning of life. This system doesn’t differentiate specific types of pathogens

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48
Q

Define Immunity:

A

Collection of numerous body defenses that work together to protect against diseases.

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49
Q

Acquired (specific) immunity:

A

Also called adaptive immunity, and only develops after birth in an immunocompetent individual. This is a lifelong monitoring system; produces unique cells and processes that destroy particular cells. WBCs responsible for this are lymphocytes and monocytes.

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50
Q

Monocytes

A

Become phagocytic macrophages. These ingest pathogens and process them in such a way that their unique antigenic properties are preserved and displayed on the surface of the macrophage. Doing so alerts the immune system to future presence of that specific pathogen.

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51
Q

Lymphocytes:

A

2 types, B cells (B lymphocytes) and T cells (T lymphocytes).

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52
Q

B cells

A

Originate and mature in bone marrow and protect against extracellular antigens. Respond to stimulation by a compatible T cell and begin producing plasma cells. Memory B cells retreat to the lymphatic system and remain prepared to repeat the same procedure upon a subsequent encounter with the same antigen.

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53
Q

Plasma cells

A

Create highly specific antibodies that bind to their corresponding antigens forming antigen-antibody complexes, which are highly unique molecules that lead to the destruction of the antigen.

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54
Q

T cells

A

Originate in bone marrow and mature in the lymphatic system. These protect against intracellular pathogens and cancer cells. There are cytotoxic T (CD8) cells, helper T (CD4) cells, suppressor T cells and memory T cells.

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55
Q

Cytotoxic T (CD8) cells

A

Determine and attack the specific weakness of the cell and destroys it.

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56
Q

Helper T (CD4) cells

A

Provide essential assistance to maintain B cell activity. These produce cytokines that activate, direct, and regulate most of the other components of the immune system. Require a threshold number to prevent shutdown of the immune system.

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57
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Monitor and terminate humoral and cellular response when infection resolves.

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58
Q

Memory T cells

A

Migrate to lymphatic system and prepare for a second encounter should the same antigen reappear.

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59
Q

Cytokines

A

Hormonelike chemicals that act as messengers between B and T cells. These regulate the intensity and duration of the immune response and provide cell-to-cell communication.

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60
Q

Active immunity

A

Long-lasting immunity that’s rapid and much more effective during the second exposure than the first exposure.

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61
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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62
Q

agglutin/o

A

clumping, gluing

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63
Q

blast/o

A

embryonic cell

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64
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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65
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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66
Q

granul/o

A

granule

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67
Q

hem/o

hemat/o

A

blood

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68
Q

immun/o

A

immune, immunity, safe

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69
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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70
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

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71
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph gland (node)

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72
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessel

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73
Q

morph/o

A

form, shape, structure

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74
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

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75
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

76
Q

phag/o

A

swallowing, eating

77
Q

poikil/o

A

irregular, varied

poikil/o/cyte: irregularly (shaped) cell, specifically an irregularly shaped RBC, such as a sickle cell.

78
Q

ser/o

A

serum

79
Q

sider/o

A

iron

80
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

81
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

82
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

83
Q

-blast

A

embryonic cell

84
Q

-globin

A

protein

85
Q

-penia

A

decrease, deficiency

86
Q

-phil

A

attraction for

neutr/o/phil: attraction for neutral. Most common type of leukocyte that provides phagocytic protection for the body.

87
Q

-phylaxis

A

protection

88
Q

-poiesis

A

formation, production

89
Q

-stasis

A

standing still

90
Q

aniso-

A

unequal, dissimilar

aniso/cyt/osis: abnormal condition of dissimilar cells; referring to macrocytes and microcytes.

91
Q

Define hypersensitivity:

A

heightened immune response.

92
Q

Define immunodeficiency or immune deficiency:

A

Depressed immune response.

93
Q

Define autoimmunity:

A

Responses where the immune system fails to recognize its own tissue.

94
Q

What’s hematology?

A

Branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.

95
Q

What’s a hematologist?

A

Physician who specializes in hematology

96
Q

What’s immunology?

A

Branch of medicine involving disorders of the immune system, including asthma and anaphylaxis, adverse reaction to drugs, autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and malignancies of the immune system.

97
Q

What is an allergist/immunologist?

A

Physician who specializes in the study of allergy and immunology.

98
Q

What’s another word for anemia

A

Erythropenia or erythrocytopenia.

99
Q

What is anemia?

A

A deficiency in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin within the RBCs, hypochromia. This isn’t a disease, but a symptom of other illnesses.

100
Q

Aplastic (hypoplastic) anemia

A

Serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure, resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Caused by autoimmune disorders, chemo/radiation, and exposure to certain cytotoxic agents.

101
Q

Folic-acid deficiency anemia

A

Inability to produce sufficient RBCs due to lack of folic acid, a B vitamin necessary for erythropoiesis. Caused by insufficient folic acid intake.

102
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Destruction of RBCs, commonly causing jaundice. Associated with some inherited immune and blood disorders, medications, and incompatible transfusions.

103
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A

Lack of sufficient iron in RBCs. Caused by a greater demand for stored iron than can be supplied, usually as a result of inadequate intake of iron or malabsorption of iron.

104
Q

Pernicious anemia (PA)

A

Chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people 50+ resulting from a lack of sufficient vit B12 needed for blood cell development.

105
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become sickle-shaped when O2 levels are low. Caused by a defect in the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis.

106
Q

What is an allergy?

A

An acquired abnormal immune response that requires initial exposure (sensitization) to an allergen (antigen). May cause inflammatory reactions including hives (urticaria), eczema, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and anaphylaxis.

107
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

Occurs when the immune system fails to accurately differentiate foreign antigens from the body’s own antigens found on cells (autoantigens) and destroys the body’s tissue. Most of these have flare-ups (exacerbations) and latencies (remissions). Usually chronic diseases that require lifelong monitoring and few can be cured.

108
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Oncological disorder of the blood and blood-forming organs where the body replaces healthy blood and bone marrow cells with nonfunctional cells. Characterized by proliferation (overgrowth) of blood cells. Causes are unknown and leukemias are fatal if left untreated.

109
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

Infectious disease caused by HIV that destroys the CD4 (helper T) cells of the immune system to such an extent that the patient falls victim to diseases that wouldn’t affect an immunocompetent individual.

110
Q

What’s a coagulation disorder?

A

Disruption in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding. Causes include deficiency in clotting factors, certain plasma proteins, or platelet production.

111
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

Abnormal clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off the supply of O2 to distal tissues, resulting in damage to body organs.

112
Q

Hemophilia

A

Congenital hereditary disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or clotting factor XI (hemophilia B), resulting in prolonged bleeding; also called bleeder’s disease.

113
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low platelet production or increased platelet destruction in blood vessels, spleen, or liver. Common sign of this disease is petechiae, particularly in the lower legs.

114
Q

Graft rejection

A

Process in which a recipient’s immune system identifies a transplanted graft as “foreign” and attacks/destroys it.

115
Q

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

A

Complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against the recipient’s organs, commonly severe enough to cause death.

116
Q

Hemoglobinopathy

A

Any disorder caused by an abnormality in the hemoglobin molecule. Most common is sickle cell anemia.

117
Q

Infectious mononucleosis

A

Acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that primarily affects young adults and children and causes fatigue, malaise, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy of the neck and armpits; also called mono and kissing disease.

118
Q

Kaposi sarcoma (KS)

A

Cancer caused by the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) that mainly affects the mucous membranes of the skin, but may also cause extensive visceral organ involvement; also called malignant neoplasm of the soft tissue. AIDS-related KS is the most common and aggressive form.

119
Q

Lymphedema

A

Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, resulting from accumulation of lymph within the tissues caused by obstruction or disease of the lymph vessels.

120
Q

Lymphoma

A

Any malignancies involving lymphocytes (B or T cells) that commonly affects lymph nodes or other lymphatic tissue.

121
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL)

A

Malignancy of B cells that occurs in lymph nodes of the neck and chest and may spread; also called Hodgkin disease. Characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.

122
Q

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)

A

Any malignancy of B cells, T cells, or NK cells that doesn’t involve Reed-Sternberg cells. More than 60 types have been identified.

123
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Malignancy of the bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies, destruction of healthy bone marrow cells, and weakening of the bone tissue.

124
Q

Sepsis

A

Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or blood poisoning.

125
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A

Widespread autoimmune disease that affects the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation. Typical “butterfly rash” appears over the face that tends to get worse in direct sunlight.

126
Q

Thrombocythemia

A

Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelet malformations.

127
Q

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test

A

Test that identifies the antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual’s own cells. Indicates the potential for an individual to have autoimmune diseases.

128
Q

Blood culture test

A

Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream.

129
Q

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A

Series of blood tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC/WBC counts, platelet count, and differential (diff) count; also called hemogram. Broad screening test for anemias, coagulation disorders, and acute infections.

130
Q

Monospot

A

Nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection with the EBV, which causes mononucleosis.

131
Q

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

Screening test for deficiency in clotting factors by measuring the amount of time it takes blood to clot; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Valuable tool in pre-op screening for bleeding tendencies.

132
Q

Prothrombin time (PT)

A

Test used to detect and diagnose bleeding disorders and excessive clotting disorders; also called pro time. Commonly used to monitor blood-thinning meds, diagnose liver problems, and assess the blood’s ability to clot before a surgical procedure.

133
Q

Bone Marrow Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone marrow tissue, especially n diagnosing multiple myeloma.

134
Q

Lymphangiography

A

Visualization of the lymph channels and nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system. Commonly used to determine lymph flow in areas that contain malignancy.

135
Q

Lymphoscintigraphy

A

Introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate sentinel node.

136
Q

Bone Marrow Aspiration

A

Removal of bone marrow, usually from the pelvis, for microscopic examination using an aspirating needle. Aids in identifying blood disorders, infections, and fevers of unknown origins.

137
Q

Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT)

A

Infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after destroying the diseased bone marrow with chemo/radiation; also called stem cell transplant.

Autologous: Donor and recipient are the same individual.

Homologous: Donor and recipient are different individuals.

138
Q

Lymphadenectomy

A

Removal of lymph nodes to excise malignant tissue in an effort to control the spread of cancer.

Limited/modified: Removes only some of the lymph nodes surrounding a tumor.

Total/radical: Removes all the lymph nodes surrounding a tumor.

139
Q

Sentinel node excision

A

Removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from a cancer-containing area, because it’s the one most likely to contain malignant cells.

140
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates, or restores the body’s own natural immune mechanisms to treat diseases; also called biological therapy.

141
Q

Immunoglobulin (IG) therapy

A

Treatment using antibody mixtures, administered via IV, subcutaneous, or IM routes. Commonly used to treat immunodeficiencies or autoimmune disorders.

142
Q

Plasmapheresis

A

Dialysis procedure that removes and discards the patient’s plasma containing the autoantibodies responsible for tissue destruction in autoimmunity and returns blood cells to the patient suspended in the plasma of a donor.

143
Q

Transfusion

A

Infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another (recipient). Usually performed as a life-saving maneuver if there’s serious blood loss, or as treatment for severe anemias.

144
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Prevent clot formation by inactivating 1 or more clotting factors or inhibiting their synthesis. Help prevent DVT and decrease the risk of CVA.

145
Q

Antifibrinolytics

A

Neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots. Used to treat serious bleeding following surgery or dental procedures, especially in those with hemophilia.

146
Q

Antimicrobials

A

Destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa by interfering with the functions of the cell membrane or the reproductive cycle. HIV patients commonly take these prophylactically to prevent the development of pneumocystitis pneumonia (PCP).

147
Q

Antiretrovirals

A

Prevent replication of viruses within the host cells. Used to treat HIV/AIDS. Resistance with these agents is common, so they’re usually given in combination to avoid this.

148
Q

Immunosuppressants

A

Decrease inflammation by suppressing the body’s natural immune response. Used to treat autoimmune disorders that cause inflammation, such as RA; also used in transplant patients to prevent graft rejection.

149
Q

Thrombolytics

A

Dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands.

150
Q

AB, Ab, ab

A

antibody, abortion

151
Q

A, B, AB, O

A

Blood types in the ABO blood group.

152
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

153
Q

ANA

A

Antinuclear antibody

154
Q

APC

A

antigen-presenting cell

155
Q

APTT

A

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time

156
Q

BMT

A

Bone Marrow Transplant

157
Q

CBC

A

Complete Blood Count

158
Q

CO2

A

carbon dioxide

159
Q

DIC

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

160
Q

diff

A

Differential count (WBCs)

161
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis; deep venous thrombosis

162
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

163
Q

GVHD

A

Graft-versus-host disease

164
Q

Hb, Hgb

A

hemoglobin

165
Q

HHV-8

A

Human Herpes Virus 8

166
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

167
Q

HL

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

168
Q

Ig

A

immunoglobulin

169
Q

IVIG

A

intravenous immunoglobulin

170
Q

KS

A

Kaposi sarcoma

171
Q

MNL

A

mononuclear leukocytes

172
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

173
Q

NHL

A

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

174
Q

NK cell

A

natural killer cell

175
Q

O2

A

oxygen

176
Q

PA

A

Pernicious Anemia

177
Q

PCP

A

Pneumocystitis pneumonia; primary care physician

178
Q

PMN

A

polymorphonuclear

179
Q

PMNL, poly

A

polymorphonuclear lymphocyte

180
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time; physical therapy

181
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time

182
Q

RA

A

right atrium; rheumatoid arthritis

183
Q

RBC, rbc

A

red blood cell

184
Q

SLE

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

185
Q

WBC, wbc

A

white blood cell

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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