Chapter 7: The Respiratory System Flashcards
Key function of the respiratory system:
Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product.
Define breathing (ventilation)
Also known as pulmonary respiration. Process in which lungs carry oxygen-rich air from the atmosphere to the body, and waste CO2 from the lungs to the atmosphere.
Define carbon dioxide (CO2)
Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism.
Define cartilage
Tough, elastic connective tissue that’s more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone.
Define cilia
Minute hair-like structures that extend from the surface of the cell. Cilia in the trachea move particles upward to the pharynx, a mechanism called the cilia escalator.
Cilia escalator
Process of cilia in the trachea moving particles upward to the pharynx; destroyed by habitual smoking.
Define diffuse
To move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces.
Define oxygen (O2)
Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas that’s essential for human respiration.
Define pH
Symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance; acidic < 7 < alkaline, where 7 is neutral.
Define serous membrane
Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa.
Nasal cavity
Where air is drawn in to begin inhalation; lined with mucus membranes and cilia. Here air is filtered, heated, and moistened to prepare it for the lungs.
Nasal septum
Vertical portion of cartilage that divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves.
Olfactory neurons
Receptors for sense of smell that are covered with a layer of mucus and located deep in the nasal cavity.
Pharynx
Muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food and air. Consists of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx
Posterior to the nose and contains a collection of lymphoid tissue known as adenoids.
Adenoids
Pharyngeal tonsils that protect the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms.
Oropharynx
Posterior to the mouth and contains a collection of lymphoid tissue known as palatine tonsils or tonsils.
Palatine tonsils (tonsils)
Protect the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms.
Laryngopharynx
Superior to the larynx
Larynx
Also known as the “voice box” and contains structures to make vocal sounds possible; joins the pharynx with the trachea.
Epiglottis
Leaf-shaped structure on top of the larynx that seals off the air passage to the lungs during swallowing.
Trachea
Also known as the windpipe; composed of smooth muscle embedded with C-shaped rings of cartilage, which provides rigidity to keep the air passage open.
Bronchi (singular bronchus)
2 branches that stem from the trachea; one leads to the right lung and the other leads to the left lung. Contain C-shaped rings of cartilage.
Mucus membrane (mucosa)
Line the inner walls of the trachea and bronchi and are imbedded with cilia.
Bronchioles
Smaller and smaller branches that stem from the right and left bronchi.
Alveoli
Singular alveolus, tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles that expand/contract with the inflow and outflow of air.
Pulmonary capillaries
Lie next to the alveoli. CO2/O2 exchange takes place between these and the alveoli.
How many lobes are in the lungs?
5, 3 on the right, 2 on the left.
Mediastinum
Space between the 2 lungs that contains the aorta, esophagus, heart, and bronchi.
Pleura
Serous membrane that covers the lobes of the lungs and folds over to line the walls of the thoracic cavity. There’s the visceral pleura, parietal pleura, and pleural cavity.
Visceral pleura
Serous membrane that lies closest to the lung.
Parietal pleura
Serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.
Pleural cavity
Space between the visceral and parietal pleura that contains a small amount of lubricating fluid.
Diaphragm
Large, muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and assists in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity to produce the pressure differential needed for ventilation.
Inspiration
When the diaphragm contracts, it partially descends into the abdominal cavity, which decreases pressure in the chest and draws air into the lungs.
Expiration
When the diaphragm relaxes, it slowly returns to the thoracic cavity increasing pressure in the chest, which forces air out of the lungs.
What are the 4 separate processes of pulmonary respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing), external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration.
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
Large, involuntary action that moves air into/out of the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
External respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.
Transport of respiratory gases
Movement of O2 to the body cells and CO2 to the lungs via the cardiovascular system.
Internal respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the body cells and blood in the systemic capillaries.
nas/o
rhin/o
nose
nas/al: pertaining to the nose.
rhin/o/plasty: surgical repair of the nose
sept/o
septum
sinus/o
sinus, cavity
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
adenoid/o
adenoids
tonsill/o
tonsills
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx (voice box)
laryng/o/plegia: paralysis of the voice box
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
bronchi/o
bronch/o
bronchi (singular bronchus)
bronchi/ectasis: dilation of the bronchi
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
alveol/o
alveoli (singular alveolus); air sac
pleur/o
pleura(e)
pneum/o
pneumon/o
air; lung
pneum/o/lith: stone in the lung
pulmon/o
lung
anthrac/o
coal; coal dust
atel/o
incomplete; imperfect
atel/ectasis: incomplete dilation
coni/o
dust
pneum/o/coni/osis: abnormal condition of dust in the lungs.
cyan/o
blue
lob/o
lobe
orth/o
straight
orth/o/pnea: breathing straight; patients with orthopnea have an easier time breathing when sitting upright or standing erect.
pector/o
steth/o
thorac/o
chest
phren/o
diaphragm; mind
spir/o
breathe
-capnia
carbon dioxide (CO2)
hyper/capnia: excessive CO2
-osmia
smell
an/osmia: without smell.
-phonia
voice
-pnea
breathing
-ptysis
spitting
-thorax
chest
brady-
slow
dys-
painful; difficult
eu-
good; normal
tachy-
fast; rapid
Common signs and sx of respiratory disorders:
Cough (dry or productive), thoracodynia, altered breathing patterns, SOB, fever, cyanosis, exercise intolerance.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD)
Includes respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages. Insidious in onset, leads to dyspnea, and is commonly not diagnosed until after the patient has already lost some lung capacity.
3 major disorders of COPD:
Asthma
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma
Produces bronchospasms and is caused by exposure to allergens/irritants, stress, cold, and exercise. Sx include a productive cough. Tx includes mucolytics and bronchodilators