Chapter 10: The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Articulation
Place of union between 2 or more bones; also called a joint.
Hematopoiesis
Production and development of blood cells, normally in bone marrow.
Ligaments
Connective tissue that surrounds the joint capsule to bind bones to other bones.
Tendons
Connective tissue that binds muscle to bone on either side of a joint. Contraction of the muscle attached to the bone by the tendon forces the bone in the joint to move.
What is a muscle?
Tissue composed of contractile fibers that provide movement to an organ or body part. Their primary responsibility is movement.
3 types of muscle tissue:
1) skeletal muscle
2) smooth muscle
3) cardiac muscle
What is skeletal muscle?
Attached to bones and provides means for movement. These muscles are voluntary and striated.
Define voluntary muscle:
Those that contract and relax in response to conscious thought.
Define striated:
Muscle tissue that has a striped appearance.
What is a smooth muscle?
Mainly responsible for internal processes, such as digestion, circulation, and urination. Also called visceral muscles and are involuntary.
Define involuntary muscle:
Their movement is not under control of conscious thought and functions under the control of the autonomic nervous system.
What is cardiac muscle?
Found only in the heart wall; forms the myocardium. It’s striated like skeletal muscles, but involuntary like smooth muscles.
Adduction
Move closer to midline.
Abduction
Move away from midline.
Flexion
Decreases the angle of a joint.
Extension
Increases the angle of a joint.
Rotation
Moves around its own axis.
Pronation
Turns palm downward.
Supination
Turns palm upward.
Inversion
Moves the sole of the foot inward.
Eversion
Moves the sole of the foot outward.
Dorsiflexion
Elevates the foot.
Plantar flexion
Lowers the foot (points toes)
Functions of bones:
1) Provide framework for the body
2) Protect internal organs
3) Allows for movement
4) Stores calcium and other minerals
5) Hematopoiesis
6) Provide points of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
Describe and give an example of a short bone:
Somewhat cube-shaped, equal in length and width.
Example: carpals and tarsals
Describe and give an example of an irregular bone:
Any bones that can’t be classified as short or long because of their complex shapes.
Example: vertebrae and bones of the middle ear.
Describe and give an example of a flat bone:
Provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs.
Example: bones of the skull, scapulae, and sternum.
Describe and give an example of a long bone:
Found in the extremities of the body and have regular well-defined shapes.
Example: femur, humerus.
Diaphysis (of long bones)
The shaft of a long bone. Consists of compact bone that surrounds a central canal called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow bone marrow.
Epiphyses (2, proximal and distal)
The proximal and distal epiphyses are the 2 ends of long bones. They have a bulbous shape that provides points of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons near each joint. Each consists of 3 layers of tissue; Articular cartilage, compact bone, and spongy/cancellous bone.
Articular cartilage:
Thin outer layer of the epiphysis where bones meet to form joints.
Epiphyseal line (growth plate)
Located in the articular cartilage of bones. This is an area of cartilage constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as bone grows; this calcifies when the bone is fully grown.
Compact bone:
thick, dense layer.
Spongy/cancellous bone:
Inner layer of porous tissue that’s filled with red bone marrow.
What is the periosteum?
Dense, white, fibrous membrane that covers the remaining surface of the bone. Contains numerous blood/lymph vessels and nerves. Contains osteoblasts. Provides means for bone repair and general bone nutrition.
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells.
Trochanter
Large, irregularly-shaped process only found on the femur.
Tubercle
Small, rounded process.
Tuberosity
Large, rounded process.
Condyle
Rounded, articulating knob
Head
Prominent, rounded articulating end of a bone.
Foramen
Rounded opening through a bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves.
Fissure
Narrow, slit-like opening.
Meatus
Opening or passage into a bone.
Sinus
Cavity, or hollow space in a bone.
How many bones are in the adult skeleton?
206
What are the 2 divisions of the skeletal system?
Axial and Appendicular skeleton.
3 regions of the axial skeleton:
Skull, rib cage, vertebral column.
What are sutures?
Lines of junction between bones that are usually immovable.
Cranial bones (8):
Frontal bone Parietal bones (2) Occipital bone Temporal bones (2) Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone
What are fontanels?
Fibrous membranes that connect the cranial bones in an undeveloped skull. These enable infants to pass more easily through the birth canal.
Frontal bone:
Forms the anterior portion of the skull (forehead), and the roof of the orbits.
Parietal bones (2):
Situated on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone, and form the upper sides and roof of the cranium.
Coronal sutures:
Where the frontal bone meets the parietal bones.
Occipital bone:
Forms the back and base of the skull, and contains an opening in the base through which the spinal cord passes.
Temporal bones (2):
Form the lower part of the cranium. These have an irregular shape that contain various cavities and recesses associated with the inner ear.
Mastoid process
Downward projection of the temporal bone that provides a point of attachment for neck muscles.
Sphenoid bone
Located in the middle part of the base of the skull, and forms a central wedge that connects all other cranial bones.
Ethmoid bone
Anterior, located between the nasal cavity and parts of the orbits of the eyes.
Mandible
Lower jaw bone; only movable facial bone not joined by sutures. This movement is necessary for speaking and mastication. Contains sockets for the roots of teeth.
Maxillae (2), singular maxilla
Paired upper jaw bones that are fused together by sutures. Forms the hard palate of the mouth and contains pockets for the roots of teeth.
Cleft palate:
Deformity that occurs when the maxillae don’t fuse properly .
Nasal bones (2)
Thin, almost rectangular; lay side by side and are fused medially to form the bridge of the nose.
Lacrimal bones (2)
Located at the inner corner of each eye and unite to form the groove for the lacrimal sac and canals for tears to pass into the nasal cavity.
Zygomatic bones (2):
Cheekbones; Located on the sides of the face below the eyes to form the higher portion of the cheeks.
Vomer
Single, thin bone that forms the lower part of the nasal septum.
Paranasal sinuses:
Cavities located in the facial and cranial bones; named after the bones in which they’re located.
Thorax
Refers to the entire chest; includes the heart and lungs, which are enclosed by the thoracic cage (rib cage).
How many total pairs of ribs are there?
12
What are false ribs?
Ribs 8-12 that aren’t fastened directly to the sternum with costal cartilage.
What are floating ribs?
Ribs 11 and 12; are not attached to the sternum at all.
What’s the vertebral column?
Composed of 26 vertebrae that protect the spinal cord.
What are the 4 curvatures of the spine?
1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacral
Cervical vertebrae (7)
form the skeletal framework of the neck
What’s the atlas?
1st cervical vertebra that supports the skull.
What’s the axis?
2nd cervical vertebra that makes rotation of the skull on the neck possible.
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Support the chest and serve as a point of articulation for the ribs.
Lumber vertebrae (5)
Situated in the low back and carry most of the weight of the torso.
Sacral vertebra (1)
Composed of 5 vertebrae fused into 1 bone.
Coccyx
Also called the tail of the vertebral column; consists of 4-5 fragmented fused vertebrae.
Intervertebral discs
A fibrocartilaginous substance with a gelatinous mass in the center (nucleus pulposus).
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.
What 2 bones make up the pectoral girdle?
clavicle and scapula; also known as the shoulder girdle.
Medical word for collarbone:
clavicle
Medical word for shoulder blade:
Scapula(e)
What is the name of the upper arm bone?
Humerus
What are the 2 bones of the forearm?
Radius (thumb side) and ulna (pinky side)
What is the medical term for bones of the wrist?
Carpals
What is the medical name for bones of the hand?
Metacarpals
What is the medical term for the bones of the fingers/toes?
phalanges
What is the pelvic girdle?
Also known as the hip bone; basin-shaped structure that attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. Male and female pelves differ in size and shape, but have the same basic structure.
What are the 3 parts of the pelvis?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Acetabulum
Deep socket of the hip joint.
What is the symphysis pubis?
Area where the 2 pubic bones meet medially and are joined by sutures.
Medical term for the thigh bone:
Femur; largest, strongest, and longest bone in the body.
2 bones of the lower leg:
Tibia and fibula
Medical term for the kneecap:
Patella; small triangular bone anterior to the knee joint.
Medical term for bones of the ankle:
Tarsals (7)
Medical term for long bones of the foot:
Metatarsals (5)
How many phalanges are in the toes?
24
What surrounds a joint?
Joint capsule
What is the joint capsule filled with?
Synovial fluid that nourishes and protects the joint.