Chapter 5: The Integumentary System Flashcards
What is the integumentary system?
The skin along with its accessory organs (hair, nails, glands); skin is the largest organ in the body.
Accessory organs of the integumentary system:
Hair, nails, glands.
Androgen
Genetic term for agent (usually testosterone or androsterone) that stimulates the development of male characteristics.
Ductule
Very small duct
Homeostasis
State of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body despite changes in the external environment.
Synthsize
Forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements.
Functions of the skin:
Protects underlying structures from injury.
Provides sensory info to the brain.
Protects the body from UV rays.
Regulates body temperature.
Prevents dehydration.
Acts as a reservoir for food and water.
Synthesizes Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
Epidermis
Outermost layer of the skin that’s thickest on the palms and soles. Separated into strata (different layers).
Strata of the epidermis:
Stratum corneum (top), basal layer (bottom); takes ~1 month for cells formed in the basal layer to slough off the stratum corneum.
Stratum corneum
Composed of dead, flat cells that lack blood supply and sensory receptors.
Basal layer
Only layer of the epidermis that contains living cells, where new cells are formed. These move toward the stratum corneum to replace the cells that have been sloughed off.
Keratin
Hardened skin cells with a waterproof characteristic that prevents evaporation of fluids and prevents moisture from entering the body.
Melanocytes
Cells that produce a black pigment called melanin
Melanin
Responsible for different skin colors; dark-skinned people have high melanin production, light skinned people have little-no melanin production. Provides a protective barrier from the Sun’s UV rays; moderate Sun exposure results in suntan, high exposure results in sunburn. Local accumulations of melanin result in freckles/moles.
Albino
An individual that has absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes as a result of an inherited inability to produce melanin.
Dermis
Second layer of the skin, also called the corium. Composed of living tissue and contains capillaries, lymphatic vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands.
Subcutaneous layer
Also called the hypodermis, binds the dermis to underlying structures, stores fats, insulates/cushions the body, and regulates temperature. Is composed of connective and adipose tissue interlaced with blood vessels.
2 types of glands in the skin:
Sudoriferous (sweat)
Sebaceous (oil)
Both are exocrine glands because they secrete substances through ducts outside the body rather than into the bloodstream.
Sudoriferous glands
Secrete sweat onto the skin’s surface through pores, most plentiful on the palms, soles, forehead, and axillae. Main function is to cool the body by evaporation, excrete waste products, and moisten surface cells.
Sebaceous glands
Filled with cells, whose centers contain fatty droplets; when these disintegrate they release sebum. The acidic nature of sebum helps destroy harmful organisms on the skin and prevent infection. When the ductules of these glands get blocked, this forms acne. Present everywhere on the body except for the palms of hands/soles of feet.
Androgens
Hormone that regulates the production of sebum; increased during adolescence and decreased with age.
Hair
Found on all body parts except lips, nipples, palms, soles, and part of external genetalia.
Parts of a hair:
Hair shaft
Hair root (contains hair follicle)
Papilla
Hair shaft
visible part of the hair
Hair root
part that’s embedded in the dermis.
Hair follicle
the hair root together with its coverings
Papilla
loop of capillaries enclosed in a covering beneath the hair follicle.
Alopecia
baldness, occurs when the hairs of the scalp aren’t replaced because of death of the papillae.
Nails
Protect the fingertips/toes from injuries and bruises.
Formed in the nail root.
Composed of keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelial cells the produce a tough covering.
Nail root
where the nail begins forming; slides over a section called the nailbed, which is continuous with the epithelium of the skin.
Nail body
appears pink because of underlying vascular tissue
Lunula
Half-moon shaped area at the base of the nail; where nail growth occurs.
adip/o
lip/o
steat/o
fat
adip/o/sis: abnormal condition of fat.
lip/oma: fat tumor
steat/itis: inflammation of fat
cutane/o
dermat/o
derm/o
skin
sub/cutane/ous: pertaining to below the skin.
dermat/o/plasty: surgical repair of the skin.
hypo/derm/ic: pertaining to below the skin.
hidr/o
sudor/o
sweat
hidr/aden/itis: inflammation of a sweat gland.
sudor/esis: condition of sweat.
ichthy/o
dry, scaly
ichthy/osis: abnormal condition of dry, scaly skin.
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea
kerat/osis: abnormal condition of hardened skin.
melan/o
black
melan/oma: tumor made of black skin cells.
myc/o
fungus
dermat/o/mycosis: abnormal condition of skin fungus.
onych/o
ungu/o
nail
onych/o/malacia: softening of the nail.
ungu/al: pertaining to the nail.
pil/o
trich/o
hair
pil/o/nid/al: pertaining to a hair nest.
trich/o/pathy: disease of the hair.
seb/o
sebum, sebaceous
seb/o/rrhea: discharge of sebum.
squam/o
scale
squam/ous: pertaining to scales
scler/o
hardening
scler/o/derma: skin hardening
xen/o
foreign; strange
xen/o/graft: transplantation of foreign (material)
xer/o
dry
xer/o/derma: dry skin.
-cyte
cell
lip/o/cyte: cell composed of fat.
-derma
skin
py/o/derma: skin pus.
-logist
specialist in the study of
dermat/o/logist: specialist in the study of skin.
-logy
study of
dermat/o/logy: study of the skin.
-therapy
treatment
cry/o/therapy: cold treatment.
an-
without, not
an/hidr/osis: abnormal condition of not sweating.
epi-
above, upon
epi/dermis: upon the skin
homo-
same
homo/graft: transplantation of same (material)
What disease can pale skin indicate?
shock
What disease can red, flushed, warm skin indicate?
fever or infection
What does a rash indicate?
allergies or a local infection
What may chewed fingernails indicate?
emotional issues
Dermatology
The medical specialty concerned with diseases that directly affect the skin, and systemic diseases that manifest their effects on the skin.
Dermatologist
a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions.
Skin lesions
areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection.
Localized lesions
tissue affected over a definite area.
Systemic lesions
widely spread throughout the body.
Primary lesions
initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue, may be flat or elevated.
Secondary lesions
Changes that take place in the primary lesion as a result of infection, scratching, trauma, or various stages of disease.
Types of flat (primary) lesions
macule
Macule
flat, pigmented, circumscribed area < 1 cm in diameter.
freckle, flat mole, or rash that occurs in rubella.
Elevated (primary) solid lesions
papule
nodule
tumor
wheal
Papule
Solid, elevated lesion < 1 cm in diameter that may be the same color as the skin or pigmented.
Nevus, wart, pimple, ringworm, psoriasis, eczema.
Nodule
Palpable, circumscribed lesion, larger/deeper than a papule (0.6-2 cm in diameter); extends into the dermis.
Intradermal nevus, benign or malignant tumor.