Chapter 12: Female Reproductive System Flashcards
Roles of the female reproductive system:
1) Produce and transport ova
2) Discharge ova from the body if fertilization doesn’t occur.
3) Provide a place for a developing fetus if fertilization does occur.
4) Produce sex hormones including estrogen and pregesterone.
Define external genetalia:
Sex organs visible on the outside of the body; also called genitals. These are called vulva in women.
Define gestation:
Length of time from conception to birth. For humans, this is ~280 days from LMP. Gestation of less than 36 weeks is considered premature.
Define lactation:
Production and release of milk by mammary glands.
Define orifice:
Mouth; entrance or outlet of any anatomical structure.
What are the internal female reproductive structures?
1) Ovaries
2) Fallopian tubes
3) Uterus
4) Vagina
What is the collective name for external female reproductive organs?
Vulva
What are the externa; female reproductive structures?
1) Labia minora
2) Labia majora
3) Clitoris
4) Bartholin glands
5) Mons pubis
What is the area between the vaginal orifice and the anus called?
Perineum
What are female reproductive cells called?
Ova; singular ovum
What are ovaries?
Almond-shaped glands located in the pelvic cavity; one is located on each side of the uterus.
What are graafian follicles?
Tiny, sac-like structure; there are thousands of these in each ovary, and each contains a single ovum.
What process begins ovulation?
A mature graafian follicle moves to the surface of the ovary, ruptures, and releases its ovum.
What is a corpus luteum?
An empty graafian follicle after ovulation is complete; this is a small, yellow mass that secretes estrogen and progesterone; degenerates at the end of a non-fertile cycle.
What are fallopian tubes?
Also known as oviducts or uterine tubes; these connect the ovaries to the uterus; they are also the site of fertilization of the ovum (should there be sperm present).
What are fimbriae?
Finger-like projections from the fallopian tubes that create wave-like currents in the fluid surrounding the ovaries to move the ovum into the fallopian tube.
Tell me about the uterus…
Contains and nourishes an embryo from the time a fertilized egg is implanted until the fetus is born. Has 3 parts:
1) Fundus: upper, rounded part
2) Body: central part.
3) Cervix: constricted portion that opens into the vagina; also called cervix uteri.
Tell me about the vagina…
It is a muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the exterior of the body. The lining consists of folds of a mucous membrane to give it elasticity. The vagina also discharges menstrual flow, and acts as a passageway for delivery of a fetus.
What are Bartholin glands?
These lubricate the vagina during sex.
What is the clitoris?
Located anterior to the vaginal orifice; composed of erectile tissue that is richly innervated with sensory endings.
What’s an episiotomy?
Surgical incision of the perineum during childbirth to enlarge the vaginal opening for delivery.
Tell me about mammary glands?
Present in both sexes, but only function in females, and their biological role is lactation. Each breast has ~15-20 lobules of mammary glands that are drained by a lactiferous duct that opens at the nipple.
What is lactation?
To secrete milk from the mammary glands for nourishment of a newborn child.
What’s menarche?
The initial menstrual period; occurs around age 12.
How long does menstruation normally occur for?
~40 years with the exception of time being pregnant.
What is the duration of a menstrual cycle?
~28 days
Days 1-5 menstrual
Days 6-14 ovulatory
Days 15-28 post-ovulatory
What happens to the vaginal canal during pregnancy?
It elongates to prepare for becoming the birth canal.
What is the medical term for childbirth?
parturition
What is labor?
Labor is the physiological process by which a fetus is expelled from the uterus.
What are the 3 stages of labor?
1) Dilation: Begins with uterine contractions and ends when there’s full dilation (10 cm).
2) Expulsion: Time from complete cervical dilation to the birth of the baby.
3) Placental (afterbirth): Begins shortly after childbirth when uterine contractions discharge the placenta from the uterus.
What is menopause?
Cessation of ovarian activity and diminished hormone production that occurs around age 50. Also called the “change of life” or “climacteric” period.
What is amenorrhea?
Absence of menstruation
What is vaginal atrophy?
Vaginal thinning or drying; occurs during menopause.
What is hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?
External administration of estrogen used to treat vaginal atrophy and osteoporosis, and is believed to play a role in heart attack prevention. There is restraint in prescribing this for long-term use in menopausal women, because this may induce neoplastic changes in estrogen-sensitive aging tissue.
amni/o
amnion (amniotic sac)
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)
colp/o
vagin/o
vagina
galact/o
lact/o
milk
gynec/o
woman, female
hyster/o
metri/o
uter/o
uterus
mamm/o
mast/o
breast
men/o
menses; menstruation
metr/o
uterus (womb); measure
nat/o
birth
oophor/o
ovari/o
ovary
perine/o
perineum
salping/o
tube (usually fallopian or eustachian)
-arche
beginning
-cyesis
pregnancy
-gravida
pregnant woman
-para
to bear (offspring)
-salpinx
tube (usually fallopian or eustachian)
-tocia
childbirth; labor
-version
turning
ante-
before, in front of
dys-
bad; painful; difficult
endo-
in, within
multi-
many; much