Chapter 9 Flashcards
Where do pelagic organisms live? Water column or seafloor?
Water Column
Epipelagic depth range?
0-200 m
Mesopelagic Depth range?
200-1000 m
Bathypelagic depth range?
1000-2000m
Abyssopelagic depth range?
2000-6000 m
Hadopelagic depth range
Greater than 6000 m
Where do benthic organisms live? Water column or seafloor?
Seafloor
Intertidal depth and zone?
Between low and high tide
Sublittoral depth and zone?
pretty much the continental shelf, depth reaches 200 m
What is an adaptation?
trait or characteristic that increases the chance of survival
Adaptive Coloration?
- Blending into background
- Camouflage
- Color patterns and textures that help hide an organism
Adaptive countershading?
Animal is light colored on one side and dark colored on the other
Adaptive bioluminescence?
- Chemical reaction in the organism releases light
- No heat released
- Similar to fireflies
Vertical migration adaptation?
- Organisms hide in the dark, depths during the day
* Move to surface to feed at night when it is harder to see them
Adaptive eye size?
Larger eyes to detect light in deeper, darker waters
Symbiotic relationship adaptation?
•Mutually beneficial
Example: An anemone provides protection from predators to a clownfish. The clownfish cleans the anemone by eating and brushing off bacteria.
Adaptive appendages
More appendages help organisms “float” in less dense (warmer) water
How do baleen plates aid in obtaining food? Which organisms have baleen plates?
Trap food in.
Whales
What adaptations do brown algae have that allow it to grow to heights of tens of meters?
- Grows in intertidal zone or in giant forests on the continental shelf
- Have gas-filled floats to keep their leaves floating
- Grow 30-40 m tall
What is a tide pool? What conditions do organisms in a tide pool need to adapt to?
Pool of water left over when the tide goes out.
-Wet and dry conditions-high variations in temperature and salinity-Protection from predators on land as well as from the ocean
-Where are sea grass beds found?
Always covered in water.
What activities threaten sea grass?
–Water pollution
–Sediment run-off from land
–Dredging
What is a salt marsh?
- Never completely covered by water
- Salt tolerant plants
- High productivity
What trophic level does kelp occupy?
producer
What is the primary productivity in a kelp forest like?
high
-What conditions are necessary for coral to live? (temperature, clarity, depth)
–Water temperature from 23°to 25°C
–Clear water
-What is a polyp?
Individual coral animals
What are zooxanthellae? What is their relationship with coral?
- Zooxanthellae are algae that live in coral polyps
- Zooxanthellae are protected by the polyp
- The coral receives energy from the zooxanthellae
-What are some possible threats to coral?
fishing, sewage, water temp
How does a fringe reef form?
- Start as a fringing reef
* Grow in patches around and on sides of volcano
How does a barrier reef form?
A barrier reef is a circular reef surrounding a partially eroded volcano
How does an atoll reef form?
- The final step: an Atoll forms
- An atoll is a circular reef surrounding a shallow lagoon
- The volcano has eroded below sea level
What is an infauna?
live in the sediment
Epifauna?
Live on the sediment
cartilaginous fish
Sharks, rays
Sharks are filter feeders sometimes?
true,
What is schooling?
Confuses predators
–Use less energy to swim long distances
Marine Mammal Characteristics
- Warm blooded
- Breathe air
- Bear live young
- Nurse their young
- Have hair or fur sometime in their life
What are some of the adaptations that allow mammals to live in the ocean?
streamlined shape for efficient movement through viscous medium, with no protruding ears, and little or no hair to slow them down.
insulating blubber, a thick layer of fat and oil, which keeps their bodies warm and buoyant.
Name and describe some marine mammals?
Whale, dolphin, seals
Difference between baleen whale and tooth whale?
Teeth instead of baleen
What are pinnipeds? Do they have fur? What are their flippers like?
- Swimming flippers
- Come ashore to breed, and rear young
- Seals, Sea Lions, Sea otters
Adaptation of penguin?
- Do not fly
- Swim
- Dive 250 m deep
What conditions would an organism need to be adapted to in order to survive life in a tide pool?
-Wet and dry conditions-high variations in temperature and salinity-Protection from predators on land as well as from the ocean
Which organism lives in warm (less dense) water?
it needs more appendages in warmer water because it is harder to float in the less dense water).
What conditions would an organism need to be adapted to in order to survive life in a tide pool?
-Wet and dry conditions-high variations in temperature and salinity-Protection from predators on land as well as from the ocean
