Chapter 13

Question 1

Describe some ways that ships are used to study the ocean. What limitations do they have?

Answer 1

•Can observe many facets of the ocean including:
–Temperature and salinity conditions
–Marine life
–Pollution
–Seawater chemistry
•Can even observe bottom conditions in more shallow water
•Depth at which they can make observations depends on sampling arm, cable, or rope length…

Question 2

Describe some ways that submersibles are used to study the ocean? What limitations do they have?

Answer 2

• deep water
• Greatly increased knowledge of mid-and deep-water marine life
• limited to humans because of deep pressure

Question 3

How have satellites contributed to oceanographic studies? What kind of data do they collect?

Answer 3

• Provide instant data
• Monitor entire planet within a few hours
• Observe changes in ocean currents, temperature, sea-surface topography
• Used to detect El Niño and La Niña

Question 4

What is a deep sea cabled observatory?

Answer 4

–On ocean floor, linked to a mainland by fiber-optic and power cables
–Continuous monitoring
–Real time data is delivered to scientists on land

Question 5

Give an example of a deep sWhat are some advantages of a deep sea cabled observatory?ea cabled observatory

Answer 5

MARS observatory

Question 6

Advantages of deep sea cabled observatory?

Answer 6

–Continuous monitoring

–Real time data is delivered to scientists on land

Question 7

Captain James cook…how many voyages in what ocean?

Answer 7

3 voyages exploring the pacific ocean

Question 8

Captain James cook mapped which ocean’s

Answer 8

Mapped the Southern Ocean and parts of the Pacific Ocean

Question 9

Captain James Cook discovered which lands?

Answer 9

“discovered” Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii

Question 10

HMS Beagle studied what islands?

Answer 10

Galapagos

Question 11

Challenger expedition

Answer 11

• First voyage dedicated exclusively to marine science
• Created maps of major ocean currents
• Discovered the Challenger Deep in Mariana Trench (Deepest part)
• Found manganese nodules in North Atlantic •Documented diversity of marine organisms, especially microscopic plankton

Question 12

Triste Sub

Answer 12

• Dove to the bottom of the Challenger Deep (almost the deepest part of the Challenger Deep)
• First two men to go to the bottom of the Mariana Trench (see ch2)

Question 13

What is deep sea drilling and what information does it collect?

Answer 13

Drill holes in ocean floor to take a core sample of rock or sediment
•Sediment/rock type (ch11)•Age of ocean floor (ch2)•Seafloor Spreading (ch2)•Fossils (ch11)•Isotopes (ch12)•Magnetic reversals (ch2)•And much more…

Question 14

What are Autonomous Instrumented Platforms? What kind of data do they collect?

Answer 14

• Buoys: small floating platforms, moored at fixed locations–Measure weather conditions–Measure temperature, salinity, and ocean currents (among other things)
• Argo floats: descending and rising cylindrical devices•Obtain profiles of ocean temperature and salinity to depths of 2000 m

Question 15

What are Autonomous Instrumented Vehicles? What kind of data do they collect?

Answer 15

• AUV for short•Un-piloted, no cable
• Programmed to follow a pre-set path
• Measure temperature, salinity, currents, etc.