Chapter 11

Question 1

What is lithogenous sediment? Where did it originate?

Answer 1

• Sediment from rocks

* Result of weathering and erosion

Question 2

What is the principal component of most beach sand? Lithogenous

Answer 2

didn’t originate there

Question 3

How is the lithogenous sediment transported?

Answer 3

Wind and currents

Question 4

What is calving

Answer 4

Calving-when a piece of the glacier breaks off, forms icebergs

Question 5

How is lithogenous sediment classified? Include size and sorting.

Answer 5

Grain Size
–Mud –very small (think of flour or powdered sugar)
–Sand-less than 2 mm in size (think of granulated sugar or a sand box)
–Gravel-anything bigger than 2 mm

Question 6

Streams and lithogenous

Answer 6

• Streams and run-off from continents

* Highest concentrations of lithogenous sediment near the coasts!

Question 7

Wind and lithogenous

Answer 7

Blows dust and clay sized particles into the ocean

Question 8

Glaciers and lithogenous

Answer 8

Calving-when a piece of the glacier breaks off, forms icebergs

Question 9

What is biogenous sediment?

Answer 9

From living organisms or their remains

Question 10

What is biogenous sediment made of

Answer 10

–Includes shells, bones, coral, skeletal parts
–Includes excretions and secretions
–Fecal Pellets-undigested food, sinks to deep ocean-major food source in the deeper parts of the ocean

Question 11

What is the chemical make up of a diatom?

Answer 11

Silica

Question 12

What is a radiolarians made of?

Answer 12

Silica

Question 13

What is a coccolithophores made of

Answer 13

Calcium carbonate

Question 14

What is a foraminifera made of?

Answer 14

Calcium carbonate

Question 15

What is hydrogenous sediment? How are they formed?

Answer 15

Precipitated from seawater. Form as coatings on other particles

Question 16

Describe manganese nodules

Answer 16

• Black nodules
• Contain Manganese, Iron, copper, cobalt, and nickel
• Form as coatings on other particles

Question 17

Where are deposits of manganese nodules found?

Answer 17

Manganese (or polymetallic) nodules occur widely on the sediment-covered abyssal plains at depths of 3500 to 6500 m. Origin of Manganese Nodules: Manganese nodules form on the ocean floor by the slow precipitation of metallic minerals extracted directly from seawater or pore waters of the sea-bottom sediments.

Question 18

What is an oolith? How big are they? How are they formed?

Answer 18

•Tiny spheres of calcite•Precipitate out of seawater

Question 19

What is cosmogenous sediment?

Answer 19

–Meteorites–Space Dust–Tektites

Question 20

What is a tektite?

Answer 20

• Form from a rock that was hit by a meteorite, then melted, then cooled back into the rock
• A tektite is not the meteorite, but the rock the meteorite crashed into

Question 21

What is a neritic? What type of sediment dominates?

Answer 21

relating to or denoting the shallow part of the sea near a coast and overlying the continental shelf.

are dominated by lithogenous sources and are typically deposited quickly.

Question 22

What is a delta?

Answer 22

Fan shaped deposit formed when a stream enters the ocean and drops all of its sediment

Question 23

What is a wetland?

Answer 23

•Low-lying, flat areas•Covered with water at least part of year

Question 24

Define pelagic.

Answer 24

(chiefly of fish) inhabiting the upper layers of the open sea.

Question 25

What is a calcareous ooze?

Answer 25

Calcareous ooze is a calcium carbonate mud formed from the hard parts (tests) of the bodies of free-floating organisms. Once this mud has been deposited, it can be converted into stone by processes of compaction, cementation, and recrystallization.

Question 26

Which organisms make up a calcareous ooze? Be sure to look at pictures in book.

Answer 26

foraminifera, coccolithophores

Question 27

What is the carbonate compensation depth (CCD. How deep is it )

Answer 27

Depth at which calcium carbonate (calcite) dissolves

Average 4500 M

Question 28

Calcareous oozes dissolve below a depth of _________.

Answer 28

4500 M

Question 29

What is a siliceous ooze?

Answer 29

Siliceous ooze is a type of biogenic pelagic sediment located on the deep ocean floor. Siliceous oozes are the least common of the deep sea sediments, and make up approximately 15% of the ocean floor. Oozes are defined as sediments which contain at least 30% skeletal remains of pelagic microorganisms

Question 30

Which organisms compose a siliceous ooze? Be sure to look at pictures in book.

Answer 30

30% silica organisms (diatoms, radiolaria)

Question 31

Are siliceous oozes inhibited by depth?

Answer 31

no

Question 32

What kind of ooze would you expect to find in a trench?

Answer 32

Siliceous ooze

Question 33

Describe the formation of oil and natural gas.

Answer 33

Oil and natural gas were formed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals—that’s why they’re called fossil fuels. Hundreds of millions of years ago, prehistoric plant and animal remains settled into the seas along with sand, silt and rocks. As the rocks and silt settled, layer upon layer piled up in rivers, along coastlines and on the sea bottom trapping the organic material. Without air, the organic layers could not rot away. Over time, increasing pressure and temperature changed the mud, sand and silt into rock (known as source rock) and slowly “cooked” the organic matter into petroleum. Petroleum is held inside the rock formation, similar to how a sponge holds water.

Over millions of years, the oil and gas that formed in the source rock deep within the Earth moved upward through tiny, connected pore spaces in the rocks. Some seeped out at the Earth’s surface, but most of the petroleum hydrocarbons were trapped by nonporous rocks or other barriers. These underground traps of oil and gas are called reservoirs. Contrary to popular misconception, reservoirs are not underground “lakes” of oil; they are made up of porous and permeable rocks that can hold significant amounts of oil and gas within their pore spaces. Some reservoirs are hundreds of feet below the surface, while others are thousands of feet underground.

Question 34

What is a reservoir rock?

Answer 34

A reservoir rock is a rock providing a condition to trap oil in porous media. The reservoir rock contains pores and throats, creating flow path and an accumulating system for hydrocarbon and also consist of a sealing mechanism for prohibiting hydrocarbon penetration to surface layers.

Question 35

What is the exclusive economic zone (EEZ)?

Answer 35

•Extends 200 nautical miles offshore of country•This is the area where a coastal country has jurisdiction for resources (mineral, fuels, and fisheries)