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Psyc111 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

system for communications w/ others using signals combined according to grammar rules to convey meaning

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2
Q

Grammar

A

set of rules that specify how the units of language are combined to produce meaningful messages

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3
Q

Phonemes

A

smallest unit of recognizable sound

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4
Q

Phonological rules

A

rules of how phonemes can be combined to make speech sounds

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5
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest meaningful units of language

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6
Q

Morphological Rules

A

how morphemes are combined to form words

-content/ function morphemes

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7
Q

Content Morphemes

A

things/events

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8
Q

Function Morphemes

A

time/grammar

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9
Q

Syntactical Rules

A

how rules can be combined to form phrases/ sentences

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10
Q

Deep Structure

A

meaning of a sentence

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11
Q

Surface Structure

A

how sentence is worded

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12
Q

Theories of language development

A

Behaviourist, Nativist, Interactionist

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13
Q

Behaviourist

A

learn to talk through reinforcement, shaping, extinction, imitation

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14
Q

Nativist

A
  • initiate biological capacity

- evidence to suggest language capacities are built in brain

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15
Q

Interactions

A

-initiate ability to acquire language coupled with social interactions

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16
Q

Characteristics of Language development

A
  • children learn at rapid rate
  • children make few mistakes while learning to speak
  • children’s passive mastery develops faster than active mastery
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17
Q

Language milestones

A

0 - 60 months

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18
Q

0-4 months

A

can tell diff btwn speech sounds

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19
Q

4-6 months

A

babbles

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20
Q

6-10 months

A

Understands some words and simple requests

21
Q

10-12 months

A

Begins to use single words

22
Q

12-18 months

A

Vocab of 30-50 words

23
Q

18-24 months

A
  • two-word phrases ordered according to syntactic rules
  • vocab 50-200 words
  • understand rules
24
Q

24-36 months

A
  • vocab 1000 words

- phrases but not sentences

25
Q

36-60 months

A
  • vocab 10,000 +
  • full sentences
  • mastery of grammatical morphemes + function words
  • Can form questions and negations
26
Q

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

A

language shape the nature of thought

27
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

determine likelihood of event and the value of the outcome, then multiply together

28
Q

Frequencies

A

of times somethin will happen

29
Q

Probability

A

likelihood something will happen

30
Q

Availability Bias

A

items that are more readily available in memory are judged as occurring more frequently

31
Q

Heuristic

A

Fast and efficient strats that facilitate decision-making

32
Q

Algorithms

A

Well-defined sequences of procedures/ rules that guarantee a soln to a problem

33
Q

Conjunction Fallacy

A

Thinking that 2 events are more likely to occur together than apart

34
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A
  • Making a probability judgment by comparing a prototype of a object/ event.
  • greater similarity = more likely to be members of same category
35
Q

Framing effects

A

diff answers to same problem

-ex. 70% success vs. 30% failure

36
Q

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

A

people make decisions about a current situation based on previously invested
-ex. buying $100 ticket to a concert in rain, go anyways

37
Q

Optimism Bias

A

(mom and her good spirits about shit)

38
Q

Prospective Theory

A

People choose to take on risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risk when evaluating potential gains

39
Q

PROBLEM SOLVING

A

.

40
Q

Ill-defined problem

A

on that does not have a clear goal or well - defined soln paths

41
Q

Well-defined problems

A

clearly specified goals and soln paths

42
Q

Means-end analysis

A

process of searching for the means or steps to reduce the differences btwn the current situation and goal

43
Q

Problem solving using means-end analysis

A
  1. analyze goal state
  2. Analyze current state
  3. List differences btwn current/ goal state
  4. Reduce list by :
    - Direct means
    - Generate a sub goal
    - finding a similar problem with known soln
44
Q

Reasoning

A

mental activity of organizing info or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions
-practical and theoretical

45
Q

Practical Reasoning

A

reasoning directed toward arriving at a better belief

46
Q

Theoretical Reasoning

A

reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief

47
Q

Logic

A

system of rules that specify which conclusion follow from a set of statements
-used to evaluate reasoning

48
Q

Belief Bias

A

peoples judgment about whether to accept conclusion

49
Q

Syllogistic Reasoning

A

assesses if a conclusion follows from 2 statements that are assumed to be true

Psyc111 (8 decks)

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