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Psyc111 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

cells in the nervous system that communicates w/ each other to preform information-processing tasks

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2
Q

Specialized extensions of cell membrane

A

Dendrites and axons

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

receive info. from other neurons and relay info. to cell body

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4
Q

Axons

A

carries info.to other neurons, muscles or glands

covered by myelin; composed of glial cells

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5
Q

Glial Cells (support cells)

A

digest dead neuron parts
provide physical and nutritional support for neurons
form myelin to help axon carry info more efficiently

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6
Q

Synapse

A

region btwn the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another
fundamental to communication btwn neurons

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7
Q

3 types of neurons

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

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8
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

receive info from external world and send to the brain via spinal cord

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9
Q

Motor neurons

A

carries signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons; carries info

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11
Q

Purkinje cells

A

interneuron; cerebellum to the rest of the brain and spinal cord; bush-like dendrites

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12
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

cerebral cortex; triangular cell body and single, long dendrite and other smaller dendrites

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13
Q

Bipolar cells

A

sensory neuron in the retina; single axon and single dendrite

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14
Q

2 stages of electro chemical actions of neurons

A

Conduction and Transmission

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15
Q

Conduction

A

movement of an electrical signal WITHIN NEURONS dendrites –>cell body–>axons
cell membrane w/ small pores, allows small electrical charged molecules to pass through

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16
Q

Transmission

A

movement of electrical signals from one neuron to another a result of chemical signaling ACROSS the synapse

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17
Q

Resting potential

A

difference in electrical charge btwn the inside and outside of a neurons cell membrane

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18
Q

Action potential

A
  • electric signal conducted along the length of the neurons axon to a synapse
  • all or none response ( electrical stim. at or above threshold)
  • occurs with some magnitude
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19
Q

Why does action potential reach a value above 0?

A

electrical charge reaches threshold lvl, sodium-specific channels open and Na+ ions rush in

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20
Q

How to maintain high [ ] in the cell

A

Moves Na+ ions outside the cell and moves K+ ions inside

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21
Q

Refractory Period

A

the time following an AP where new AP cannot be initiated

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22
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

electric current passing down the length of a myelinated axon

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23
Q

Terminal buttons

A

knoblike structures that branch out from axon and are filled w/ vesicles containing NTs

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters (NTs)

A

chemical that transmits info. across the synapse to receiving neurons dendrites

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25
Receptors
parts of the cell membrane that receives NTs and initiator prevent new electrical signals
26
Stepsin synaptic tranmission
1. Ap travels down axon to stimulate release of NTs from vesicles of presynaptic neurons 2. NTs are released into synapse 3. Bind with receptor sites on a dendrite of post synaptic neuron; initiates a new AP 4. NTs cleared from the synapse by reuptake into presynaptic neuron OR broken down enzymes in synapse OR binding to autoreceptors on presynaptic neuron
27
Reuptake
NTs are reabsorbed by the terminal buttons of the presynaptic neurons axon
28
Enzyme deactivation
NTs are destroyed by enzymes in the synapse; breakdown NTs
29
Autoreceptors
NTs can bind to receptor sites or presynaptic neurons; release signal to stop releasing NTs
30
Types of NTs
Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Glutamate, GABA, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Endorphins
31
Acetylcholine
voluntary motor; regulation of attention, learning, sleeping
32
Dopamine
regulates motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure, arousal; role in drug addiction
33
Glutamate
excitstiory NT; enhances transmission of info. btwn neurons
34
GABA
inhibitory NT; stops firing of neurons
35
Norepinephrine
states of vigilance and danger
36
Serotonin
regulates of sleep and wakefulness, eating, aggressive behaviour
37
Endorphins
act within pain pathways and emotion centers; | ex. runners high
38
Drugs that mimic NTs
Agonists- increase action of NTs; activates a receptor | Antagonists- blocks the function and action of NTs
39
L-dopa
produces dopamine; ingestion causes neurons to produce more dopamine (agonist)
40
Amphetamine
stimulates release and prevents reuptake of norepinephrine/ dopamine; increase activation of receptors by flooding synapse w/ NTs (agonist)
41
Methamphetamine
affects dopamine, serotonin,& norepinephrine at synapses; visual hallucinations and errors in perception (agonist and antagonist)
42
Prozac
blocks reuptake of serotonin; keeps serotonin in synapse longer to activate more receptors to improve mood (agonist)(depression)
43
Propranolol
beta blockers; blocks receptor site for norepinephrine in the heart (antagonist)
44
Nerves
bundles of axons and glial cells
45
Nervous System (NS)
interacting network of neurons that convey electrochemical info throughout the body
46
Central NS
brain and spinal cord; receives sensory info; sends commands to the skeletal system and muscular system
47
Peripheral NS
connects CNS to the body's organs and muscles
48
Somatic NS
conveys info. btwn voluntary muscles and CNS
49
Automatic NS
carry involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs and glands
50
Sympathetic NS
nerves that prepare body for action in threat situations FIGHT OR FLIGHT
51
Parasympathetic NS
helps body return to resting state; REST AND DIGEST
52
Components of CNS
brain and spinal cord
53
Spinal reflexes
pathways in the nervous system that generate muscle contractions
54
Reflex arc
neural pathway that controls reflex actions
55
Divisions of brain
Hindbrain, Medulla, Reticular formation, Cerebellum, Pons
56
Hindbrain
controls basic functions of life
57
Medulla
Coordinates HR
58
Reticular Formation
regulates sleep, levels of arousal
59
Cerebellum
"little brain," controls fine motor skills
60
Pons
"bridge," relay info from cerebellum to rest of the brain
61
Midbrain
Orient and Movement - Tectum - Tegmentum
62
Tectum
orients an organism in the environment
63
Tegmentum
Movement and arousal
64
Forebrain
controls emotional sensory and motor functions - Subcortical structures - Cerbral cortex
65
Cerebral cortex
outermost layer of the brain divided into two hemispheres | Gyri and Sulci
66
Subcortical structures
Areas in forebrain neat the center of the brain
67
Subcortical Structures
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Basal ganglia
68
Thalamus
relays and filters info; controls incoming sensation
69
Hypothalamus
regulates body temp. hunger, thirst, and sexual behaviour
70
Hippocampus
creates new memories and integrates them for a long term storage
71
Amygdala
formation of emotional memories, fear, punishment, and reward
72
Basal ganglia
directs intentional movements; Straitum control posture and movement
73
Endocrine System
Glands that produce/ secrete into the bloodstream chemical messages; influence metabolism, growth, sexual development
74
3 levels of functioning
Across hemispheres Within hemispheres Within specific lobes
75
Across Hemisphere
left/right hemispheres, each one controls function of oppo side of body CORPUS CALLOSUM- connects hemispheres
76
Within Hemispheres
Hemisphere divied into 4 lobes; Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, and Frontal
77
Occipital lobe
process visual info
78
Parietal lobe
process info about touch
79
Temporal lobe
hearing and language, visual association and interpretation areas
80
Frontal lobe
movement, thinking, planning, memory, judgement
81
Parental Development
NS develops within 3rd week after fertilization
82
Ontogeny
how it develops within an individual
83
Phylogeny
how it develops within a species
84
Invertebrates
those W/O a spinal column
85
Vertebrates
those W/ a spinal column
86
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
determines the amount of brain activity during diff states of consciousness
87
Neuroimaging
advance technology to create images of the brain
88
Structural imaging
basic structure of the brain
89
Functional imagining
activity of the brain when preforming tasks
90
Brain injuries
transcranial magnetic stimulation

Psyc111 (8 decks)

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