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Psyc111 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

cells in the nervous system that communicates w/ each other to preform information-processing tasks

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2
Q

Specialized extensions of cell membrane

A

Dendrites and axons

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

receive info. from other neurons and relay info. to cell body

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4
Q

Axons

A

carries info.to other neurons, muscles or glands

covered by myelin; composed of glial cells

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5
Q

Glial Cells (support cells)

A

digest dead neuron parts
provide physical and nutritional support for neurons
form myelin to help axon carry info more efficiently

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6
Q

Synapse

A

region btwn the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another
fundamental to communication btwn neurons

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7
Q

3 types of neurons

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

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8
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

receive info from external world and send to the brain via spinal cord

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9
Q

Motor neurons

A

carries signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons; carries info

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11
Q

Purkinje cells

A

interneuron; cerebellum to the rest of the brain and spinal cord; bush-like dendrites

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12
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

cerebral cortex; triangular cell body and single, long dendrite and other smaller dendrites

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13
Q

Bipolar cells

A

sensory neuron in the retina; single axon and single dendrite

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14
Q

2 stages of electro chemical actions of neurons

A

Conduction and Transmission

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15
Q

Conduction

A

movement of an electrical signal WITHIN NEURONS dendrites –>cell body–>axons
cell membrane w/ small pores, allows small electrical charged molecules to pass through

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16
Q

Transmission

A

movement of electrical signals from one neuron to another a result of chemical signaling ACROSS the synapse

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17
Q

Resting potential

A

difference in electrical charge btwn the inside and outside of a neurons cell membrane

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18
Q

Action potential

A
  • electric signal conducted along the length of the neurons axon to a synapse
  • all or none response ( electrical stim. at or above threshold)
  • occurs with some magnitude
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19
Q

Why does action potential reach a value above 0?

A

electrical charge reaches threshold lvl, sodium-specific channels open and Na+ ions rush in

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20
Q

How to maintain high [ ] in the cell

A

Moves Na+ ions outside the cell and moves K+ ions inside

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21
Q

Refractory Period

A

the time following an AP where new AP cannot be initiated

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22
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

electric current passing down the length of a myelinated axon

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23
Q

Terminal buttons

A

knoblike structures that branch out from axon and are filled w/ vesicles containing NTs

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters (NTs)

A

chemical that transmits info. across the synapse to receiving neurons dendrites

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25
Q

Receptors

A

parts of the cell membrane that receives NTs and initiator prevent new electrical signals

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26
Q

Stepsin synaptic tranmission

A
  1. Ap travels down axon to stimulate release of NTs from vesicles of presynaptic neurons
  2. NTs are released into synapse
  3. Bind with receptor sites on a dendrite of post synaptic neuron; initiates a new AP
  4. NTs cleared from the synapse by reuptake into presynaptic neuron OR
    broken down enzymes in synapse OR
    binding to autoreceptors on presynaptic neuron
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27
Q

Reuptake

A

NTs are reabsorbed by the terminal buttons of the presynaptic neurons axon

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28
Q

Enzyme deactivation

A

NTs are destroyed by enzymes in the synapse; breakdown NTs

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29
Q

Autoreceptors

A

NTs can bind to receptor sites or presynaptic neurons; release signal to stop releasing NTs

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30
Q

Types of NTs

A

Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Glutamate, GABA, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Endorphins

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31
Q

Acetylcholine

A

voluntary motor; regulation of attention, learning, sleeping

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32
Q

Dopamine

A

regulates motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure, arousal; role in drug addiction

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33
Q

Glutamate

A

excitstiory NT; enhances transmission of info. btwn neurons

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34
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory NT; stops firing of neurons

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35
Q

Norepinephrine

A

states of vigilance and danger

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36
Q

Serotonin

A

regulates of sleep and wakefulness, eating, aggressive behaviour

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37
Q

Endorphins

A

act within pain pathways and emotion centers;

ex. runners high

38
Q

Drugs that mimic NTs

A

Agonists- increase action of NTs; activates a receptor

Antagonists- blocks the function and action of NTs

39
Q

L-dopa

A

produces dopamine; ingestion causes neurons to produce more dopamine (agonist)

40
Q

Amphetamine

A

stimulates release and prevents reuptake of norepinephrine/ dopamine; increase activation of receptors by flooding synapse w/ NTs (agonist)

41
Q

Methamphetamine

A

affects dopamine, serotonin,& norepinephrine at synapses; visual hallucinations and errors in perception (agonist and antagonist)

42
Q

Prozac

A

blocks reuptake of serotonin; keeps serotonin in synapse longer to activate more receptors to improve mood (agonist)(depression)

43
Q

Propranolol

A

beta blockers; blocks receptor site for norepinephrine in the heart (antagonist)

44
Q

Nerves

A

bundles of axons and glial cells

45
Q

Nervous System (NS)

A

interacting network of neurons that convey electrochemical info throughout the body

46
Q

Central NS

A

brain and spinal cord; receives sensory info; sends commands to the skeletal system and muscular system

47
Q

Peripheral NS

A

connects CNS to the body’s organs and muscles

48
Q

Somatic NS

A

conveys info. btwn voluntary muscles and CNS

49
Q

Automatic NS

A

carry involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs and glands

50
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

nerves that prepare body for action in threat situations FIGHT OR FLIGHT

51
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

helps body return to resting state; REST AND DIGEST

52
Q

Components of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

53
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

pathways in the nervous system that generate muscle contractions

54
Q

Reflex arc

A

neural pathway that controls reflex actions

55
Q

Divisions of brain

A

Hindbrain, Medulla, Reticular formation, Cerebellum, Pons

56
Q

Hindbrain

A

controls basic functions of life

57
Q

Medulla

A

Coordinates HR

58
Q

Reticular Formation

A

regulates sleep, levels of arousal

59
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain,” controls fine motor skills

60
Q

Pons

A

“bridge,” relay info from cerebellum to rest of the brain

61
Q

Midbrain

A

Orient and Movement

  • Tectum
  • Tegmentum
62
Q

Tectum

A

orients an organism in the environment

63
Q

Tegmentum

A

Movement and arousal

64
Q

Forebrain

A

controls emotional sensory and motor functions

  • Subcortical structures
  • Cerbral cortex
65
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outermost layer of the brain divided into two hemispheres

Gyri and Sulci

66
Q

Subcortical structures

A

Areas in forebrain neat the center of the brain

67
Q

Subcortical Structures

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Basal ganglia

68
Q

Thalamus

A

relays and filters info; controls incoming sensation

69
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates body temp. hunger, thirst, and sexual behaviour

70
Q

Hippocampus

A

creates new memories and integrates them for a long term storage

71
Q

Amygdala

A

formation of emotional memories, fear, punishment, and reward

72
Q

Basal ganglia

A

directs intentional movements; Straitum control posture and movement

73
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands that produce/ secrete into the bloodstream chemical messages; influence metabolism, growth, sexual development

74
Q

3 levels of functioning

A

Across hemispheres
Within hemispheres
Within specific lobes

75
Q

Across Hemisphere

A

left/right hemispheres, each one controls function of oppo side of body
CORPUS CALLOSUM- connects hemispheres

76
Q

Within Hemispheres

A

Hemisphere divied into 4 lobes; Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, and Frontal

77
Q

Occipital lobe

A

process visual info

78
Q

Parietal lobe

A

process info about touch

79
Q

Temporal lobe

A

hearing and language, visual association and interpretation areas

80
Q

Frontal lobe

A

movement, thinking, planning, memory, judgement

81
Q

Parental Development

A

NS develops within 3rd week after fertilization

82
Q

Ontogeny

A

how it develops within an individual

83
Q

Phylogeny

A

how it develops within a species

84
Q

Invertebrates

A

those W/O a spinal column

85
Q

Vertebrates

A

those W/ a spinal column

86
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

determines the amount of brain activity during diff states of consciousness

87
Q

Neuroimaging

A

advance technology to create images of the brain

88
Q

Structural imaging

A

basic structure of the brain

89
Q

Functional imagining

A

activity of the brain when preforming tasks

90
Q

Brain injuries

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Psyc111 (8 decks)

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