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Psyc111 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

ability to store and retrieve info overtime

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2
Q

3 key functions

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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3
Q

Encoding

A
  • process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
  • memories are made by combining info. we already have
  • memories are constructed not recorded
  • 3 types; Sematic, Visual, Organizational
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4
Q

Sematic Encoding

A
  • process of relating new info in a meaningful way to knowledge already stored in memory; lower left parts of the frontal and temporal lobes
  • Sematic judgements: meaning of word
  • Ryme judgements: sound of word
  • Case judgements: appearance of word
  • long-term retention is enhanced
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5
Q

Visual Imagery Encoding

A
  • process of storing new info by converting it into mental pics
  • activates processing regions in occipital lobe
  • relates incoming knowledge to present knowledge
  • helps to have 2 mental placeholders (visual and verbal); more ways to remember
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6
Q

Organizational Encoding

A
  • categorizing info according to the relationships among terms
  • can improve recall by organizing everything into multiple-lvl categories
  • activates the upper surface of the left frontal lobe
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7
Q

Surviving Encoding

A
  • including sematic, visual imagery, organizational encoding

- encouraging extensive planning to benefit memory

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8
Q

Storage

A

maintaining info in memory overtime

-Sensory, Short-term, Long-term

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9
Q

Sensory Memory

A
  • hold sensory info for a few secs. or less
  • Iconic: fast-decaying store of visual info; 1 sec or less
  • Echoic: fast-decaying store of auditory info; 5 secs
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10
Q

Short-term

A

-holds non-sensory info for more than a few secs but less than a min ; ex. phone #

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11
Q

Long-term

A
  • type of storage that holds info for awhile
  • no capacity limits
  • hippocampal patient H.M.
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12
Q

Rehearsal

A

process of keeping info in short-term by repeating it

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13
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

first and last items are more likely to be remembered

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14
Q

Chunking

A

combining small pieces of info into large clusters or chunks to make it easier to store

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15
Q

Working Memory

A
  • active maintenance of info in short-term storage
  • consists of; central executive–>controls flow of info, Visuo-spatial sketchpad/ phonological loop, Episodic buffer–> ingrates info
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16
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

inability to transfer new info from short-term to long-term

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17
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

inability to retrieve info before a particular date

18
Q

Consolidation

A

memories become stable in brain

19
Q

Reconsolidation

A

memories are vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled

20
Q

Long-term potential

A

communication across the synapse btwn neurons strengthens the connection making future communication easier

21
Q

LTP properties

A
  • occurs along several pathways within hippocampus
  • can be induced rapidly
  • can last for a long time
22
Q

2 classes of memories

A
  • Explicit: consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences
  • Implicit: past experiences influence later behaviour and performance; w/o effort to remember or awareness of the recollection
23
Q

Types of Explicit Memory

A
  • Semantic Memory: network of associated facts and concept that make up general knowledge
  • Episodic Memory: collection of past personal experiences that occur at a particular time/ place
24
Q

Types of implicit memory

A
  • Procedural memory: gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice
  • Priming: enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus
25
Q

Perceptual Priming

A

implicit memory for the sensory features of an item; right hemisphere, back of brain

26
Q

Conceptual Priming

A

implicit memory for the meaning of a word or how you would use an object; left hemisphere, front of brain

27
Q

Retrieval

A

bringing to mind info that has been encoded and stored

28
Q

Retrieval cues

A

external info associated with stored info to help bring it to mind

29
Q

Encoding-specificity principle

A

retrieval cue can serve to remind how memory was initially encoded

30
Q

State-dependent retrieval

A

tendency info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

31
Q

Transfer-appropriate processing

A

memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding/ retrieval contexts of the situations match

32
Q

Retrieval-induced forgetting

A

retrieving an item for long-term memory impairs recall of related items

33
Q

Collaborative memory

A

how people remember in groups

34
Q

7 sins of memory

A
  • Transience
  • Absentmindedness
  • Blocking
  • Memory misattribution
  • Suggestibility
  • Bias
  • Persistence
35
Q

Transience

A
  • forgetting what occurs with a passage of time
  • Retroactive interference: later learning impairs memory for info acquired earlier
  • Proactive interference: earlier learning impairs memory for info acquired later
36
Q

Absentmindedness

A
  • lapse in attention

- Prospective memory: remembering to do things in the future

37
Q

Blocking (tip-of-the-tongue)

A
  • failure to retrieve info that is available in memory

- names and places

38
Q

Memory Misattribution

A
  • assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
  • Source Memory: recall of when, where, and how info was acquired
  • False recognition: a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before
39
Q

Suggestibility (done by others)

A

-tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal recollections

40
Q

Bias (done by ourselves)

A

-distorting influence of present knowledge, beliefs, and feeling on recollection of previous experiences

41
Q

Persistence

A
  • intrusive recollection of events that we want to forget

- Flashbulb memories: detailed recollections of when/ where we heard about shocking events

42
Q

Role of amygdala

A

-responds strongly to emotional events

Psyc111 (8 decks)

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