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Psyc111 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Acquistion, from experience, of new knowledge, skills or response that results in a relatively permanent change in the learners state

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2
Q

Habituation

A
  • repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus

- results in a gradual reduction in responding

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3
Q

Sensitization

A

-presentaion of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus

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4
Q

! Classical Conditioning (CC)

A

Neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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5
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

something that reliably produces a naturally occuring reaction

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6
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by US

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7
Q

Condtioned Stimulus (CS)

A

previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response after being paired with US

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8
Q

Conditioned Response

A

a reaction that resembles an UR but is produced by a CS

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9
Q

Acquisition

A

association btwn CS and Us; when CS and US are presented together

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10
Q

Second-order conditioning

A

CS paired with stimulus that became associated with the US earlier
-ex. Money

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11
Q

Extinction

A

gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US

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12
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

-tendency of learned behaviour to recover from extiction after a rest period

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13
Q

What generates the response of Spontaneous Recovery?

A
  • Generalization

- Discrimination

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14
Q

Generalization

A

CR is observed even though the CS is slightly differnetn than original CS

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15
Q

Discrimination

A

Capacity to distinguish btwn similar but distinct stimuli

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16
Q

Classical Conditoining (CC) occurs when …..

A

an animal has learned to set up an expectation

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17
Q

Rescorla-Wagner model

A

conditioning is easier when CS in unfamiliar: familiar events already have associations so new conditioning in difficult

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18
Q

Neural Elements of CC

A

Eyeblink studies, Fear conditioning

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19
Q

Eyeblink Studies

A

CS (tone) is followed by a US (puff of air) elicits a reflexive eyeblink response: overtime eyeblink response just to CS

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20
Q

Fear Conditioning

A

-amygdala: area for emotional conditioning; sever connecions, fear ceases

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21
Q

! Unique propeties of CC

A
  • Rapid learning: animal could die after ingesting poison multiple times so shouldn’t take many trials
  • contioning take place over long intervals
  • develop aversion to smell or taste rather than ingestion
22
Q

Biological preparedness

A

propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

23
Q

Operant conditioning

A

learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behaviour determine whether it will be repeated in the future

24
Q

! Positive Reinforcement

A

stimulus is presented: increases likelihood of behaviour

25
Q

! Negative Reinforcement

A

stimulus removed; increases likelihood of behaviour

26
Q

! Positive Punishment

A

stimulus presented; decreases likelihood of behaviour

27
Q

! Negative Punishment

A

stimulus removed; decreases likelihood of behaviour

28
Q

Reinforcer

A

any stimulus or event that functions to increase likelihood of behaviour

29
Q

Punisher

A

decrease likelihood of behaviour

30
Q

Why is reinforcement better than punishment in learning desired behaviour?

A

punishment signals bad behaviour but doesn’t promote learning about desired behaviour

31
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

satisfy biological needs

32
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

associated with primary reinforcers through CC;

-ex. money, police lights

33
Q

3-Term contingency

A
  • Discrimination Stimulus
  • Response
  • Reinforcer
34
Q

! Implicit Learning

A
  • learning that takes place independent of awareness

- ex. driving a car

35
Q

! Explicit Learning

A
  • learning something new

- ex. first time driving car

36
Q

Explicit learning becomes ______ over time

A

Implicit

37
Q

! Interval Schedule

A

time intervals btwn reinforcement

38
Q

! Ratio Schedule

A

ratio of responses to reinforcement

39
Q

! Fixed-Interval (FI)

A

reinforcers on fixed-time period if appropriate responses given
-ex. every 2 min

40
Q

! Variable-interval (VI)

A

behaviour is reinforced based on the average amount of time since last reinforcement
-ex. average winning = once an hour, not same time within hours

41
Q

! Fixed-Ratio (FR)

A

reinforcement is delivered after a certain # of responses has been made
-ex. every 20th time

42
Q

! Variable-ratio (VR)

A

delivery of responses is based on an average # of responses

-ex. slot machines-> every 100 pulls on average, could be 3rd or 70th pull

43
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcement after each response

44
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

same responses reinforced

45
Q

Intermittent-reinforcement effect

A

intermittent-reinforced behaviours are more resistant to extinction
-ex. a slot machine

46
Q

Shaping

A

rewarding desired behaviour

47
Q

Superstitions behaviour

A

repeating behaviours that are accidentally reinforced

48
Q

Means-end relationship

A

learn what reward is given for a particular response

49
Q

Latent Learning

A

behaviour is learned, but change doesn’t occur right away

50
Q

Cognitive Map

A

mental representation of the physical feature of the environment

51
Q

Neurons are …..

A

dopaminergic

Psyc111 (8 decks)

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