Chapter 7

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Acquistion, from experience, of new knowledge, skills or response that results in a relatively permanent change in the learners state

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

• repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus

- results in a gradual reduction in responding

Question 3

Sensitization

Answer 3

-presentaion of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus

Question 4

! Classical Conditioning (CC)

Answer 4

Neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 5

something that reliably produces a naturally occuring reaction

Question 6

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 6

reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by US

Question 7

Condtioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response after being paired with US

Question 8

Conditioned Response

Answer 8

a reaction that resembles an UR but is produced by a CS

Question 9

Acquisition

Answer 9

association btwn CS and Us; when CS and US are presented together

Question 10

Second-order conditioning

Answer 10

CS paired with stimulus that became associated with the US earlier
-ex. Money

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

-tendency of learned behaviour to recover from extiction after a rest period

Question 13

What generates the response of Spontaneous Recovery?

Answer 13

• Generalization

- Discrimination

Question 14

Generalization

Answer 14

CR is observed even though the CS is slightly differnetn than original CS

Question 15

Discrimination

Answer 15

Capacity to distinguish btwn similar but distinct stimuli

Question 16

Classical Conditoining (CC) occurs when …..

Answer 16

an animal has learned to set up an expectation

Question 17

Rescorla-Wagner model

Answer 17

conditioning is easier when CS in unfamiliar: familiar events already have associations so new conditioning in difficult

Question 18

Neural Elements of CC

Answer 18

Eyeblink studies, Fear conditioning

Question 19

Eyeblink Studies

Answer 19

CS (tone) is followed by a US (puff of air) elicits a reflexive eyeblink response: overtime eyeblink response just to CS

Question 20

Fear Conditioning

Answer 20

-amygdala: area for emotional conditioning; sever connecions, fear ceases

Question 21

! Unique propeties of CC

Answer 21

• Rapid learning: animal could die after ingesting poison multiple times so shouldn’t take many trials
• contioning take place over long intervals
• develop aversion to smell or taste rather than ingestion

Question 22

Biological preparedness

Answer 22

propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

Question 23

Operant conditioning

Answer 23

learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behaviour determine whether it will be repeated in the future

Question 24

! Positive Reinforcement

Answer 24

stimulus is presented: increases likelihood of behaviour

Question 25

! Negative Reinforcement

Answer 25

stimulus removed; increases likelihood of behaviour

Question 26

! Positive Punishment

Answer 26

stimulus presented; decreases likelihood of behaviour

Question 27

! Negative Punishment

Answer 27

stimulus removed; decreases likelihood of behaviour

Question 28

Reinforcer

Answer 28

any stimulus or event that functions to increase likelihood of behaviour

Question 29

Punisher

Answer 29

decrease likelihood of behaviour

Question 30

Why is reinforcement better than punishment in learning desired behaviour?

Answer 30

punishment signals bad behaviour but doesn't promote learning about desired behaviour

Question 31

Primary reinforcer

Answer 31

satisfy biological needs

Question 32

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 32

associated with primary reinforcers through CC; | -ex. money, police lights

Question 33

3-Term contingency

Answer 33

- Discrimination Stimulus - Response - Reinforcer

Question 34

! Implicit Learning

Answer 34

- learning that takes place independent of awareness | - ex. driving a car

Question 35

! Explicit Learning

Answer 35

- learning something new | - ex. first time driving car

Question 36

Explicit learning becomes ______ over time

Answer 36

Implicit

Question 37

! Interval Schedule

Answer 37

time intervals btwn reinforcement

Question 38

! Ratio Schedule

Answer 38

ratio of responses to reinforcement

Question 39

! Fixed-Interval (FI)

Answer 39

reinforcers on fixed-time period if appropriate responses given -ex. every 2 min

Question 40

! Variable-interval (VI)

Answer 40

behaviour is reinforced based on the average amount of time since last reinforcement -ex. average winning = once an hour, not same time within hours

Question 41

! Fixed-Ratio (FR)

Answer 41

reinforcement is delivered after a certain # of responses has been made -ex. every 20th time

Question 42

! Variable-ratio (VR)

Answer 42

delivery of responses is based on an average # of responses | -ex. slot machines-> every 100 pulls on average, could be 3rd or 70th pull

Question 43

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 43

reinforcement after each response

Question 44

Intermittent reinforcement

Answer 44

same responses reinforced

Question 45

Intermittent-reinforcement effect

Answer 45

intermittent-reinforced behaviours are more resistant to extinction -ex. a slot machine

Question 46

Shaping

Answer 46

rewarding desired behaviour

Question 47

Superstitions behaviour

Answer 47

repeating behaviours that are accidentally reinforced

Question 48

Means-end relationship

Answer 48

learn what reward is given for a particular response

Question 49

Latent Learning

Answer 49

behaviour is learned, but change doesn't occur right away

Question 50

Cognitive Map

Answer 50

mental representation of the physical feature of the environment

Question 51

Neurons are …..

Answer 51

dopaminergic