Chapter 4

Question 1

! Sensation

Answer 1

stimulation of a sense organ

Question 2

! Perception

Answer 2

organization, identification, and interpretation of sensation

Question 3

Transduction

Answer 3

sensors in the body convert physical signals from environment to encoded neural signals

Question 4

Psychophysics

Answer 4

methods that measure strength of stimulus

Question 5

! 3 properties of vision

Answer 5

• length=colour
• amplitude=brightness
• purity=saturation

Question 6

! Parts of eye

Answer 6

Cornea- bends light waves
Pupil-
Iris- controls how much light enters eye
Retina-back of eye

Question 7

Accommodation

Answer 7

process by which the eye maintains a clear image on retina

Question 8

Photoreceptor cells

Answer 8

transduce light into neural impulses

Question 9

Retinal ganglion cells

Answer 9

organize signals and send to brain

Question 10

Bipolar cells

Answer 10

collects neural signals and transmits to outermost layer of retina

Question 11

Area V1

Answer 11

specialized for encoding edge orientation

Question 12

Ventral stream

Answer 12

shape and identity of an object; the what pathway

Question 13

Dorsal stream

Answer 13

location and motion of an object; the where/ how pathway

Question 14

Binding problem

Answer 14

how the brain links features so we see unidentified objects

Question 15

Illusory conjunction

Answer 15

brain incorrectly combines features from multiple objects

Question 16

Feature-integration theory

Answer 16

attention development

Question 17

! Gestalt perceptual grouping rules

Answer 17

Simplicity- simplest interpretation of object
Closure- fill in missing elements to complete object
Continuity- group together edges with same orientation
Similarity- similar characteristics of object
Proximity- objects close together= grouped together
Common fate- elements that move together= single moving object

Question 18

Image-based vs. parts-based object recognition

Answer 18

Image=seen object is stored in memory template

Parts=brain deconstructs viewed objects into parts

Question 19

Monocular depth cues

Answer 19

info about depth when viewed with one eye

Question 20

Binocular Disparity

Answer 20

info about depth from the diff in the retinal images of 2 eyes

Question 21

Inattentional blindness

Answer 21

failure to perceive objects that are not focus of attention (gorilla)

Question 22

Change blindness

Answer 22

fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

switcheroo w/ men carrying door

Question 23

! Physical dimensions of sound

Answer 23

Frequency = pitch
Amplitude = loudness
Complexity = sound quality

Question 24

! Outer ear

Answer 24

collects sound waves

Question 25

! Middle ear

Answer 25

transmits sounds waves

Question 26

Inner ear

Answer 26

transduces sound waves into neural signals

Question 27

Place code (high frequencies) vs. Temporal code (low)

Answer 27

Place- diff frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places along basilar membrane Temporal- firing rate of action potential centering the auditory nerve

Question 28

Hearing loss- Conductive vs. Sensorineural

Answer 28

Conductive - eardrum and ossicles damaged | Sensorineural - damage to cochlea (result of aging)

Question 29

Hepatic perception

Answer 29

active explanation of environment by touch

Question 30

! Types of receptors (touch)

Answer 30

pressure, texture, vibration, temp

Question 31

PAIN fibres

Answer 31

A-delta fibres = fast acting | C-fibres = slow, longer lasting

Question 32

Referred pain

Answer 32

ex. heart attack--> pain goes down arm

Question 33

Gate- control theory

Answer 33

gets feedback from 2 directions to indicate pain | rub area of pain to activate neurons and stop pain signals

Question 34

Why is it hard to stand on 1 foot with eyes closed?

Answer 34

mismatch btwn visual cues and vestibular feedback | -vision helps keep balance

Question 35

! SMELL

Answer 35

odorant molecules bind to sites on olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) send AP into olfactory nerve

Question 36

Odor perception

Answer 36

first- info about identity of odor | second- if odor is pleasant or unpleasant

Question 37

Pheromones

Answer 37

biochemical odorants emitted by members of a species that affect behaviour/ physiology

Question 38

! What is tongue covered with

Answer 38

papillae, within papillae ->taste receptors--> microvilli

Question 39

! Reactions of taste

Answer 39

Salt, Sour, Bitter, Sweet, Umami