Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Vert physiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS protected by

A

Glial cells
Bone- Skull, Vertebrae column
Connective tissue- meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid

100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glial cells types

A

Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Astrocytes (most abundant)

Release growth factors

90% of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Astrocytes

A

Form a link between neurons and non nervous tissue and ECF
develop neurons and synapses
regenerate damaged axons
Maintain homeostasis in EC envir (K+ levels)
Remove Glutamate (toxic) and biogenic amines from synapses
Synthesize and store molecules
Protect from toxins with microglia
Protect from oxidative stress and remove cellular debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Microglia

A

Protect CNS from foreign matter, bacteria or dead cells using phagocytosis or cytokines

Protect against oxidative stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Physical support of CNS

A

Cranium (Skull)
Vertebral column
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Meninges

A

3 connective tissue membranes:
Dura Mater- outermost, tough like leather
Arachnoid Mater- middle layer, weblike and joined with dura
Pia Mater-right above neurons, subarachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid

*Subarachnoid space- between pia Mater and arachnoid Mater filled with CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Surrounds CNS and fills ventricles within brain and spinal cord, provides nutrients and remove waste, Maintains ionic composition

Total volume: 125-150mL recycled 3x a day
Choroid plexus produces 400-500mL/Day

Reabsorbed into venous blood in the subarachnoid space by arachnoid villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Brain cavities (4)

A

Two C shaped lateral ventricles, connected to the third ventricle by inter-ventricular foramen.

The cerebral aqueduct connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

*Ependymal cells line ventricles and central canal to help circulate CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Central canal

A

Long thin cylindrical cavity that runs the length of spinal cord, lined with ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Choroid plexus

A

The choroid plexus is a plexus of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells, pia Mater, and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CNS Blood Supply

A

Receives 15% of the body’s blood
High demand for glucose and oxygen 20%
Accounts for 50% of all glucose consumed

During starvation or diabetes mellitus, Ketones can supply energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Hydrophobic molecules diffuses easily (alcohol, gases)

Hydrophilic molecules rely on transport proteins (ions, catecholamines, amino acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Glucose (blood brain barrier)

A

Glucose transports across barrier using GLUT-1 Carriers

Receptors for insulin are located on certain CNS neurons to regulate food intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cannot penetrate blood brain barrier

A 
Catecholamines
Inorganic ions (H+)
Several drugs (Antibiotics)

No transport carrier for these molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gray matter (cerebral cortex)

A

40% of CNS, site of synaptic communication and neural integration

Makes up external surface of brain and beneath spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

White matter

A

60% of CNS, white due to Myelinated axons

Below cerebral cortex, consist of areas of gray matter called subcritical nuclei

Organized into bundles or tracts that connect different regions of gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Projection fibers

A

Tracts conncet the cerebral cortex with more levels of the brain or spinal cord

Fibers connect one region of gray to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Association fibers

A

Connect one area of cerebral cortex to another on the same side of the brain

Arcuate fasciculus- connects broca and wernicks area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Connect cortical regions on one side of the brain with corresponding cortical regions on the other side

Located in bands of tissue called corpus callosum which connects the cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Nerves that branch of spinal cord, 31 pairs that exits the vertebral column between to adjacent vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cervical nerves

A

There are 8 pair (C1-C8) emerge from neck region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thoracic nerves

A

12 pairs (T1-12) emerge from chest region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lumbar nerves

A

5 pairs (L1-L5) emerge from lower back

Conus medullaris: terminal end of the spinal cord which ends around L1-L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sacral nerves

A

5 pairs (S1-S5) emerge from tailbone or coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Coccygeal nerve

A

1 nerve (C0) emerges from tip of coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Spinal cord gray matter (Butterfly shaped)

A

Contains interneurons, cell bodies and dendrites of efferent neurons, and axon terminals of afferent neurons

Dorsal horn- posterior half of gray matter on either side, where afferent neurons terminate

Ventral horn- anterior half of spinal cord

Lateral horn- between dorsal and ventral horns,
origin of efferent neurons

Intermediolateral cell column-between dorsal and ventral horns, efferent neurons originate from autonomic sys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Consist of the cell bodies of afferent fibers outside the spinal cord in clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Located in spinal cord, originate in ventral horn and travel to periphery to form synapses with skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Dorsal roots

A

Contain afferent axons, come together to form with Ventral roots to form spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Ventral roots

A

Contain efferent axons, come together to form with Dorsal roots to form spinal nerves called mixed nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

White matter of spinal cord

A

Surrounds outer region of cord, tracts provide communication at diff lvls in spinal cord or between brain and spinal cord

Ascending tracts- Carry sensory info to the brain (with three neurons), from receptor to the somatosensory cortex. Consist of: Posterior (Dorsal) Column, Spinothalamic Tracts, and Spinocerebellar Tracts.
Descending tracts- Upper motor neurons (that originate in brain) descend through tracts in spinal cord to synapse in the lateral and ventral horns of gray matter to lower motor neurons. Consist of: Pyramidal System and Extrapyramidal System.

*found on both sides of spinal cord, link peripheral nerves to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ipsilateral

A

When a sensory or Motor pathway remains on the same side as it’s origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Contralateral

A

When a sensory or motor pathway crosses to the side opposite of it origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Brain main parts

A

Forebrain- superior part of brain, hemispheres, consists of cerebrum and diencephalon (hypothalamus)

Cerebellum- Motor coordination, balance

Brainstem- connect forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Brainstem (3 regions)

A

3 regions:
Midbrain: Connects forebrain
Pons: middle portion, connects cerebellum
Medulla oblongata: connects to spinal cord

Reticular formation: diffuse network of nuclei that regulates sleep wake cycles, arousal of cerebral cortex, and consciousness

Processing center for 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, regulates involuntary functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Carries out the highest level of neural processing. Consist of grooves called sulci and ridges called gyri
1.5mm to 4nm thick

Cortex arranged in 6 layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Organization or cerebral cortex

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe- visual cortex
Temporal lobe- auditory cortex

Frontal and parietal separated by central sulcus

Occipital and temporal lobe separated by lateral sulcus

38
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Primary somatosensory cortex- processes somatic sensory info associated with somesthetic sensations (tough, itch, pain) and proprioception (awareness of muscle tension)

39
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Primary motor cortex, voluntary movement, language, planning and personality

Motor homunculus- neural circuits for movement
Sensory homunculus- neural circuits for sensory

40
Q

topographical organization

A

Body parts are mapped onto cortical surface which they correspond to called motor or sensory homunculus

Size of body part relative to cortical area devoted to it

41
Q

Association areas

A

Involved in more complex processing that requires integrating different types of information

42
Q

Brain latetization

A

Certain brain functions are dominant on one side of the brain relative to the other, 2 hemispheres

*Not for every person on same side

43
Q

Right brain abilities

A

Movement of left side

Sensory perception of stimuli (left side)

Spatial orientation

Creativity

Face recognition

Music

Dream imagery

Philosophy

Intuition

44
Q

Left brain abilities

A

Right side of body

Sensory perception of stimuli (right side)

Logic

Analytical processing

Strong language capabilities

Math skills

45
Q

Subcortical nuclei

A

Regions of gray matter located within the cerebrum

46
Q

Basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

A

Notable for their role in modifying movement

Caudate nucleus
Globus Pallidus
Putamen

47
Q

Diencephalon

A

Inferior to cerebrum

Thalamus and hypothalamus

48
Q

Thalamus

A

Cluster of nuclei that functions as relay center before being transmitted to the cortex

Important in directing attention

Relays info from cerebellum and basal ganglia to the motor cortex to provide feedback in controlling movement

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located inferior to the thalamus, regulates homeostasis. Link between endocrine and nervous system

Released hormones, hunger and thirst center, thermoregulatory, and behavior

Communicates with autonomic system direct and indirectly

50
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

A

Generates and regulates the circadian rhythm (melatonin)

51
Q

Limbic system

A

Brain areas associated with autonomic functions, motivation, memory and emotions

Amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, cingulate, and parahippocampal gyri of cerebral cortex, portions of the prefrontal cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus

52
Q

Reflex arcs

A

Neural pathways for reflexes

5 components: sensory receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, detects a stimulus

Receptor to CNS via afferent neuron to efferent

One single neuron if network of neurons

53
Q

Reflex groups (5)

A

Spinal or cranial

Somatic or autonomic

Innate or conditioned

Monosynaptic or polysynaptic

54
Q

Muscle spindle stretch

A

Monosynaptic reflex in the human body

Knee jerk reflex- stimulated by patella tendon; contraction of quadriceps inhibits the hamstring by interneurons

55
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A

When subjected to painful stimulus and withdraw from it

To occur, The muscles that cause withdrawal should be excited muscles that oppose withdrawal should be inhibited

Info is processed in the brain before the withdrawal and reflex occurs

56
Q

Pupillary light reflex

A

Autonomic cranial reflex

Light enters eye->Activate photoreceptors->Activate afferent neurons->info goes to midbrain of brainstem->Efferent neurons smooth muscles of the eye->pupillary constriction

57
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

When a painful stimulus triggers the withdrawal reflex

(steps on tack)
Nociceptor stimulated->excite afferent neuron->excite interneuron->efferent neuron contracts hamstrings and inhibits/relax quadriceps (withdrawal)->activates crossed extensor reflex on opposite leg (interneurons)-> on opp leg-> causing contraction of quadriceps and inhibit hamstring

58
Q

Voluntary motor tasks components

A

Developing the idea to move

Putting together a program of motor commands to carry out the movement

Executing the movement by activating the correct muscles at the correct time

Constant feedback to ensure that the movement is carried out smoothly and successfully

59
Q

Association areas for movement

A

Prefrontal cortex, cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, limbic system

Based on sensory input, memories, emotions, or other motivating factors

60
Q

Lower motor neurons or motor neurons

A

The afferent neurons that control skeletal muscles originate in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Lateral pathways or ventromedial pathways

61
Q

Pyramidal tracts

A

Direct pathways from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord. Control movement of distal extremities

Most axons cross over to the opposite side of the CNS in an area of the medulla called the medullary pyramids

Forearms, hands, and fingers, smaller groups of muscles

62
Q

Upper motor neurons

A

The axon of neurons from pyramidal tracts that terminates in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

63
Q

Rubrospinal tracts

A

Direct pathways from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord.

Originate in the red nuclei of the midbrain

Axons of these tracts decussate and join axons of the pyramidal tract

64
Q

Ventromedial pathways

A

Indirect connections between the brain and spinal cord

These neurons do not form synapses on motor neurons

Influence large groups of muscles, trunk, neck, and proximal portions of the limbs

65
Q

Vestibulospinal tracts

A

Originate in the vestibular nuclei of the medulla

Receives info from inner ear regarding movement of the head

Controls head, neck, and lumbar muscles to maintain posture and balance

66
Q

Tectospinal tracts

A

Originate in superior colliculi of the midbrain

Receives input from the eyes, somewhat the skin and ears

Control head and eye movement/focus

67
Q

Reticulospinsl tracts

A

Originate in reticular formation of pons or medulla

Important for balance

68
Q

Cerebellum muscle coordination

A

To operate the cerebellum must both receive information from the cortex regarding planned woodlands and be continually updated about performance

Receives input from sensorimotor areas of cortex, the basal nuclei, brainstem, spinal cord, sensors from all over body

Sends to cortex to adjust planned movement

69
Q

Basal nuclei motor control

A

Provide feedback to the cortex for the development of Moter strategies and smoothing out of movements

Necessary for automatic performance of learned repetitive motions

Receive input from cortex and send output back to the cortex via thalamus

Initiates purposeful movement, inhibits unwanted movement

Huntingsons Chorea – lethal genetic disease that causes loss of motor coordination and decline of cognitive f(x) until dementia, twitching face

70
Q

Wernickes area

A

Located in the posterior and superior portion of the Temporel lobe and the inferior parietal lobe

Involved in language comprehension

Sound, written words, or hand signals

71
Q

Broca’s area

A

Located in frontal lobe

Involved in language expression our ability to speak or right

72
Q

Kinds of sleep

A

Slow wave sleep (SWS)- multiple stages of low frequency waves in EEG

REM sleep- hit frequency waves in EEG and periodic episodes of rapid eye movement

73
Q

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

Critical in maintaining alert wakefulness

Send info to cortex thru thalamus, hypothalamus, and forebrain

Neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

Nicotine, orexin, histamine amphetamines and cocaine

74
Q

Wake and alert

A

EEG shows high frequency low amplitude

Beta waves

75
Q

Awake but resting

A

EEG of lower frequency and higher amplitude

Alpha waves (greater synchronization among neurons vs beta)

76
Q

SWS stages

A

Stage 1: drowsey period (asleep and awake)

Stage 2: light sleep

Stage 3: moderate sleep

Stage 4: deep sleep

77
Q

Cortisol

A

Helps the body adjust to stress by mobilizing energy stores, even at the expense of breaking down so proteins to amino acids

78
Q

Emotions

A

Cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus (anger, aggression), Amygdala (Fear, anxiety)

Triggered by sensory input or memories

Autonomic, Motor, and hormonal changes

Left brain: positive emotion
Right brain: negative emotion

79
Q

Procedural memory (implicit memory)

A

Memory of motor skills and behaviors

Includes cerebellum, basal nuclei, and pons

Ex. Learning to ride a bike, you never forget

80
Q

Declarative memory (explicit memory)

A

The memory of learned experiences

Ex. facts and events

81
Q

Plasticity

A

The ability to alter the nervous systems anatomy and function in response to changes in it’s activity patterns

Synapses can be developed and altered

New neurons in areas of memory

82
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Repetitive stimulation of a particular synapse leading to increased and the strength of that connection. Better able to trigger a action potential in the postsynaptic cell caused by an increase in the size of EPSPs

Hippo campus and occurs at preexisted synapsis

83
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune disorder, stops neural signals, muscle weakness and balance problems

Treatment: corticosteroids, interferons, immunosuppressants

84
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Decrease in the #of cholinergic neurons, microglia and astrocytes release inflammatory chem, causes memory loss and confusion, Motor dysf, loss of cognitive f(x)

Treatment: antioxidants, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Antidepressants

85
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Decrease in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia Niagra, causes movement disorders

Treatment: Levodopa, COMT inhibitors, Surgery

86
Q

Analysis of CSF

A

Tested by extracting between L3 and L4

Cloudy CSF: Bacterial meningitis, Viral meningitis, Fungal meningitis(HIV), Tuberculosis meningitis, neurosyphilis, neoplasm (growth)

Red CSF: intracranial hemorrhage

Analyzed: Glucose, protein, leukocytes, RBCs, Pressure

87
Q

Flow of CSF

A

1) Lateral ventricle
2) Interventricular Foramen
3) Third Ventricle
4) Central aqueduct
5) Forth Ventricle
6) through foramen of luschka (lateral hole)
7) Up cross cerebral hemisphere and down spinal cord
8) enters subarachnoid space is reabsorbed in arachnoid villi —> then taken to heart via jugular vein

88
Q

Intracranial hypotension

A

CSF Leakage caused by tear in Dura by head brain or spinal injury, bad placement of tubes ex. Epidural, spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

Symptoms: runny nose, ear leak, bad headache when sitting up

Testing: MRI, X Ray with contrast

89
Q

Assessing brain death

A

1) Pupillary reflex
2) Response to pain
3) Respond to sound
4) Ability to breathe w/o the ventilator

90
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease)

A

Neurons die

Causing muscle weakness, paralyzed body, breathing and swallowing affected first, does not affect special senses

Symptoms begin age 50

Stephen Hawking

91
Q

Control of Posture

A

Extrapyramidal tracts – include all motor control pathways outside the pyramidal system. Indirect conections b/w the brain and spinal cord.

Involuntary control of posture: Muscles constantly adjust changes in posture standing still or moving.
•Postural control, Brain uses info from sensory, propioceptors in muscles and joints and receptors in the vestibular system (inner ear that detect motion of the head).
•Brain also uses info from eyes and ears.

Vert physiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions