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Vert physiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

It receives and processes information from sensory organs and viscera to determine status of in/external environment

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Efferent and afferent

Provide communication between central nervous system and Organs throughout the body

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3
Q

Afferent (senses)

A

Transmiss sensory from the organs to the central nervous system

Somatic senses- skin muscles and joints

Special senses-vision hearing equilibriums smell and taste

Visceral senses – fullness of stomach blood pressure and blood pH

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4
Q

Efferent (Innervate)

A

Transmit information from the central nervous system to organs in the periphery called effector organs

Muscles and glands

These neurons INNERVATE(effect) organs

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5
Q

Efferent divisions (Vol)

A

Somatic (Voluntary):
Motor neurons which regulate skeletal muscle contractions

Autonomic (involuntary):
Neurons that regulate the function of internal organs and other structures such as sweat glands and blood vessels

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic (fight or flight) has opposite effects on organs

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7
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Intricate network of neurons in the Gastro intestinal tract that can function independently of the rest of the nervous system but communicates with the autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

Nervous system to main classes of cells:

A

Neurons(excitable cells) and glial cells

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9
Q

Glial cells

A

Account for 90% of the cells in the nervous system and provide various types of support to the neurons including structural and metabolic support

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10
Q

Three components of neurons

A
  • Cell body
  • Neural processes: Neurites and dendrites
  • Axon
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11
Q

Cell body (Soma)

A 
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Free ribosomes
Mitochondrion

Perform proteins synthesis and cellular metabolism

Cannot cellular divide

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12
Q

Undifferentiated or stem cells

A

in a few areas of the adult human brain neurons can develop by this

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch from the cell body and receive input from other neurons at specialized junctions called synapses

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14
Q

Axon (collateral)

A

Receive information and send information

They can branch there by sending signals to more than one destination these branches are called collaterals

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15
Q

Action potential

A

Brief large changes in membrane potential during which the inside of the cell becomes positively charged relative to the outside

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16
Q

Axon hillock

A

The site where the axon originates from the cell body used for the initiation of action potentials

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17
Q

Axon terminal

A

Release neurotransmitter on arrival of an action potential. Carries signal to a post synaptic cell

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18
Q

2 axonal transport mechanisms (grade)

A

Anterograde transport-from cell body to the axon terminal (Kinesins)

Retrograde-Slow axonal transport and fast axonal transport

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19
Q

Fast and slow axonal transport

A

Both involved proteins including microtubules in a variety of neurofilaments

Slow: 0.5-40mm/day movement of mols in cytosol
Fast: 100-400mm/day movement of vesicles

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20
Q

Kinesins

A

Proteins that essentially walked down the microtubules, caring a vesicle with them (requires the ATP)

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21
Q

Leak channel (nongated channel)

A

Always open, Responsible for the resting membrane potential

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22
Q

Ligand gated channels (receive)

A

Open or close in response to the binding of a ligand to specific receptor in the plasma membrane

Densely located in dendrites and cell body (area that receive info)

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23
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

Open or close in responses to changes in membrane potential. Densely located in axon hillock, nodes of ranvier, axon

Sodium, calcium, or potassium Channel

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24
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Sensory neurons with 2 projections (axon and dendrite)

Functions in senses of olfactory (smell) and vision

Subclass: pseudounipolar

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25
Pseudo-unipolar
Axon and dendrites projections appear as a single process however the dendrite is a modified function like an Axon
26
Multipolar neuron
Have multiple projections from cell body; one projection axon and other dendrite
27
Three functional classes of neuron
Efferent neuron Afferent neuron Interneuron
28
Efferent neuron
From central nervous system to effector organs
29
Afferent neurons
Transmit info from either sensory receptors or visual receptors to the central nervous system for further processing Most are pseudounipolar neurons-with somebody located in a ganglion outside CNS
30
Interneurons
99% of all neurons Located entirely in central nervous system perform all functions of the central nervous system including processing sensory information from afferent neurons, creating and sending out commands to affect your organs through efferent neurons, and carrying out complex functions of the brain
31
Pathways, tracts, or commissures (CNS)
Bundle of axons which travel together
32
Ganglia
Cluster of neurons
33
Nerves
Bundle of axons
34
Types of Glial cells
``` Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells (PNS) Ependymal cells ``` *all found in CNS
35
Myelin
Made by layers of the plasma membrane’s of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, insulate axons for rapid transmission of action potentials
36
Nodes of ranvier
Voltage gated sodium and potassium channels that function in allowing ion movement across membrane
37
Resting membrane potential
Not receiving or transmitting signals, -70mV Neurons range from -5mV to -100mV
38
Na+/K+ pump
Concentration gradient for sodium and potassium by transporting three sodium(+) ions out of the cell and to potassium(-)ions into the cell per ATP hydrolyzed Electrogenic: Transports a net positive charge out of cell
39
Na and K balanced by
Na+ balances electrically by Cl- K+ balanced electrically by organic anions (A-, proteins)
40
Equilibrium potential for potassium (Ek)
-94mV
41
Equilibrium potential for sodium (ENa)
+60mV
42
Potassium channels
There are more open potassium channels than sodium, 25 times more permeable to potassium
43
Neuron at rest
Neither sodium or potassium is at equilibrium, because the membrane potential is not equal to the equilibrium potential of each ion Therefore electrochemical forces continually leak into cell and potassium continually leaks out
44
Membrane permeability
As the membranes permeability to a particular ion increases, the membrane potential moves closer to that ions equilibrium potential
45
Electrochemical force and mV
The electrochemical force is greater for the ion that is further away from its equilibrium
46
Hyperpolarization
A change in mem potential to a more negative value, more polarized Inhibitory- take mem potential away from threshold
47
Depolarization
Change in mem potential to a less negative or positive potential, less polarized Excitatory-bring mem potential closer to threshold to generate action potential
48
Repolarization
When mem potential returns to the resting membrane potential after depolarization
49
Graded potential
Small changes in membrane potential that occur when ion channels open or close in response to a stimulus acting on the cell Decremental-Short range Can Generate an action potential if they depolarize a neuron to threshold
50
Electrotonic conduction
Spread of voltage by passive charge movement in unmyelinated axons ICF (+) ECF (-) *diameter of axon determine speed of current (larger,faster)
51
Direction of graded potential 3 factors
Neuron Stimulus The opening and closing of ions Can be excitatory(closer to threshold) or inhibitory (away from threshold)
52
Threshold
A critical value of membrane potential that must be met or exceeded if an action potential is to be generated
53
Action potential phases
Rapid depolarization Repolarization After-hyperpolarization
54
1st phase: Rapid depolarization
Mem potential changes from -70mV to +30mV | Dramatic increase of sodium approaches +60mV
55
2nd phase: Repolarization
Returns from +30mV to -70mV | Sodium intake decreases and potassium increases
56
3rd phase: After-hyperpolarization
Potassium permeability 5-15msec causes mem potential to rest at -94mV
57
Activation gates
Responsible for opening Of sodium channels during the depolarization phase of an action potential Voltage gated
58
Inactivation Gates
Responsible for the closing of sodium channels during the repolarization phase of an action potential Voltage gated
59
Sodium channel conformations
Closed but capable of opening Open Closed and incapable of opening
60
Closed but capable of opening
Inactivation gate open Activation gate closed Can be opened by depolarizing stimulus
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Open
Both gates open Occurs during depolarization phase
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Closed and incapable of opening
Open activation gate, closed inactivation gate Opens during repolarization
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Subthreshold
A depolarization that is less than threshold No action potential Can open some Na+ channels
64
Suprathreshold
Greater than threshold Elicits action potential Does not increase in size as the strength of a suprathreshold increases
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All or none principle
Whether a membrane is depolarized to a threshold or greater the amplitude of the resulting action potential is the same if the membrane is not depolarized to threshold
66
Refractory period
Period of reduced excitable All or none principle - Absolute refractory period: a second action potential cannot be generated in response to second stimulus - Relative refractory period: possible to generate a second action potential but only in response to a stimulus stronger than that to reach threshold
67
Saltatory conduction
Specialized electrotonic conduction that propagates action potentials
68
Collateral
When an axon branches and this depends on the neuron
69
Factors of mem potential
Conc gradients of ions Presence of ion channels in mem
70
Mechanically gated
open when physical forces such as stretching forces act on the membrane or the channel
71
Multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune disorder, degeneration of myelin sheath and attacks oligodendrocytes ``` Symptoms: Loss of muscle coordination Fatigue Numbness Vision degradation Loss of bladder/bowel control ```
72
Local anesthetics
Novacaine or Xylocaine Blocks violated gated channels from sending info
73
Tetradotoxin (TTX)
Poison found in puffer fish gonads and liver Blocks voltage gated channels Deadly and create zombies
74
Dinoflagellates
Saxitoxin Blocks voltage gated channels Causes red tide Cannot be destroyed by cooking

Vert physiology (8 decks)

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