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Vert physiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

It receives and processes information from sensory organs and viscera to determine status of in/external environment

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Efferent and afferent

Provide communication between central nervous system and Organs throughout the body

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3
Q

Afferent (senses)

A

Transmiss sensory from the organs to the central nervous system

Somatic senses- skin muscles and joints

Special senses-vision hearing equilibriums smell and taste

Visceral senses – fullness of stomach blood pressure and blood pH

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4
Q

Efferent (Innervate)

A

Transmit information from the central nervous system to organs in the periphery called effector organs

Muscles and glands

These neurons INNERVATE(effect) organs

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5
Q

Efferent divisions (Vol)

A

Somatic (Voluntary):
Motor neurons which regulate skeletal muscle contractions

Autonomic (involuntary):
Neurons that regulate the function of internal organs and other structures such as sweat glands and blood vessels

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic (fight or flight) has opposite effects on organs

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7
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Intricate network of neurons in the Gastro intestinal tract that can function independently of the rest of the nervous system but communicates with the autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

Nervous system to main classes of cells:

A

Neurons(excitable cells) and glial cells

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9
Q

Glial cells

A

Account for 90% of the cells in the nervous system and provide various types of support to the neurons including structural and metabolic support

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10
Q

Three components of neurons

A
  • Cell body
  • Neural processes: Neurites and dendrites
  • Axon
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11
Q

Cell body (Soma)

A 
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Free ribosomes
Mitochondrion

Perform proteins synthesis and cellular metabolism

Cannot cellular divide

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12
Q

Undifferentiated or stem cells

A

in a few areas of the adult human brain neurons can develop by this

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch from the cell body and receive input from other neurons at specialized junctions called synapses

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14
Q

Axon (collateral)

A

Receive information and send information

They can branch there by sending signals to more than one destination these branches are called collaterals

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15
Q

Action potential

A

Brief large changes in membrane potential during which the inside of the cell becomes positively charged relative to the outside

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16
Q

Axon hillock

A

The site where the axon originates from the cell body used for the initiation of action potentials

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17
Q

Axon terminal

A

Release neurotransmitter on arrival of an action potential. Carries signal to a post synaptic cell

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18
Q

2 axonal transport mechanisms (grade)

A

Anterograde transport-from cell body to the axon terminal (Kinesins)

Retrograde-Slow axonal transport and fast axonal transport

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19
Q

Fast and slow axonal transport

A

Both involved proteins including microtubules in a variety of neurofilaments

Slow: 0.5-40mm/day movement of mols in cytosol
Fast: 100-400mm/day movement of vesicles

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20
Q

Kinesins

A

Proteins that essentially walked down the microtubules, caring a vesicle with them (requires the ATP)

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21
Q

Leak channel (nongated channel)

A

Always open, Responsible for the resting membrane potential

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22
Q

Ligand gated channels (receive)

A

Open or close in response to the binding of a ligand to specific receptor in the plasma membrane

Densely located in dendrites and cell body (area that receive info)

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23
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

Open or close in responses to changes in membrane potential. Densely located in axon hillock, nodes of ranvier, axon

Sodium, calcium, or potassium Channel

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24
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Sensory neurons with 2 projections (axon and dendrite)

Functions in senses of olfactory (smell) and vision

Subclass: pseudounipolar

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25
Q

Pseudo-unipolar

A

Axon and dendrites projections appear as a single process however the dendrite is a modified function like an Axon

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26
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Have multiple projections from cell body; one projection axon and other dendrite

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27
Q

Three functional classes of neuron

A

Efferent neuron
Afferent neuron
Interneuron

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28
Q

Efferent neuron

A

From central nervous system to effector organs

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29
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Transmit info from either sensory receptors or visual receptors to the central nervous system for further processing

Most are pseudounipolar neurons-with somebody located in a ganglion outside CNS

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30
Q

Interneurons

A

99% of all neurons

Located entirely in central nervous system

perform all functions of the central nervous system including processing sensory information from afferent neurons, creating and sending out commands to affect your organs through efferent neurons, and carrying out complex functions of the brain

31
Q

Pathways, tracts, or commissures (CNS)

A

Bundle of axons which travel together

32
Q

Ganglia

A

Cluster of neurons

33
Q

Nerves

A

Bundle of axons

34
Q

Types of Glial cells

A 
Astrocytes
Microglia 
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells (PNS)
Ependymal cells

*all found in CNS

35
Q

Myelin

A

Made by layers of the plasma membrane’s of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, insulate axons for rapid transmission of action potentials

36
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Voltage gated sodium and potassium channels that function in allowing ion movement across membrane

37
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Not receiving or transmitting signals, -70mV

Neurons range from -5mV to -100mV

38
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

Concentration gradient for sodium and potassium by transporting three sodium(+) ions out of the cell and to potassium(-)ions into the cell per ATP hydrolyzed

Electrogenic: Transports a net positive charge out of cell

39
Q

Na and K balanced by

A

Na+ balances electrically by Cl-

K+ balanced electrically by organic anions (A-, proteins)

40
Q

Equilibrium potential for potassium (Ek)

A

-94mV

41
Q

Equilibrium potential for sodium (ENa)

A

+60mV

42
Q

Potassium channels

A

There are more open potassium channels than sodium, 25 times more permeable to potassium

43
Q

Neuron at rest

A

Neither sodium or potassium is at equilibrium, because the membrane potential is not equal to the equilibrium potential of each ion

Therefore electrochemical forces continually leak into cell and potassium continually leaks out

44
Q

Membrane permeability

A

As the membranes permeability to a particular ion increases, the membrane potential moves closer to that ions equilibrium potential

45
Q

Electrochemical force and mV

A

The electrochemical force is greater for the ion that is further away from its equilibrium

46
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

A change in mem potential to a more negative value, more polarized

Inhibitory- take mem potential away from threshold

47
Q

Depolarization

A

Change in mem potential to a less negative or positive potential, less polarized

Excitatory-bring mem potential closer to threshold to generate action potential

48
Q

Repolarization

A

When mem potential returns to the resting membrane potential after depolarization

49
Q

Graded potential

A

Small changes in membrane potential that occur when ion channels open or close in response to a stimulus acting on the cell

Decremental-Short range

Can Generate an action potential if they depolarize a neuron to threshold

50
Q

Electrotonic conduction

A

Spread of voltage by passive charge movement in unmyelinated axons

ICF (+) ECF (-)

*diameter of axon determine speed of current (larger,faster)

51
Q

Direction of graded potential 3 factors

A

Neuron
Stimulus
The opening and closing of ions

Can be excitatory(closer to threshold) or inhibitory (away from threshold)

52
Q

Threshold

A

A critical value of membrane potential that must be met or exceeded if an action potential is to be generated

53
Q

Action potential phases

A

Rapid depolarization
Repolarization
After-hyperpolarization

54
Q

1st phase: Rapid depolarization

A

Mem potential changes from -70mV to +30mV

Dramatic increase of sodium approaches +60mV

55
Q

2nd phase: Repolarization

A

Returns from +30mV to -70mV

Sodium intake decreases and potassium increases

56
Q

3rd phase: After-hyperpolarization

A

Potassium permeability 5-15msec causes mem potential to rest at -94mV

57
Q

Activation gates

A

Responsible for opening Of sodium channels during the depolarization phase of an action potential

Voltage gated

58
Q

Inactivation Gates

A

Responsible for the closing of sodium channels during the repolarization phase of an action potential

Voltage gated

59
Q

Sodium channel conformations

A

Closed but capable of opening

Open

Closed and incapable of opening

60
Q

Closed but capable of opening

A

Inactivation gate open
Activation gate closed
Can be opened by depolarizing stimulus

61
Q

Open

A

Both gates open

Occurs during depolarization phase

62
Q

Closed and incapable of opening

A

Open activation gate, closed inactivation gate

Opens during repolarization

63
Q

Subthreshold

A

A depolarization that is less than threshold

No action potential
Can open some Na+ channels

64
Q

Suprathreshold

A

Greater than threshold

Elicits action potential

Does not increase in size as the strength of a suprathreshold increases

65
Q

All or none principle

A

Whether a membrane is depolarized to a threshold or greater the amplitude of the resulting action potential is the same if the membrane is not depolarized to threshold

66
Q

Refractory period

A

Period of reduced excitable
All or none principle

  • Absolute refractory period: a second action potential cannot be generated in response to second stimulus
  • Relative refractory period: possible to generate a second action potential but only in response to a stimulus stronger than that to reach threshold
67
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Specialized electrotonic conduction that propagates action potentials

68
Q

Collateral

A

When an axon branches and this depends on the neuron

69
Q

Factors of mem potential

A

Conc gradients of ions

Presence of ion channels in mem

70
Q

Mechanically gated

A

open when physical forces such as stretching forces act on the membrane or the channel

71
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune disorder, degeneration of myelin sheath and attacks oligodendrocytes

Symptoms:
Loss of muscle coordination 
Fatigue
Numbness 
Vision degradation 
Loss of bladder/bowel control
72
Q

Local anesthetics

A

Novacaine or Xylocaine

Blocks violated gated channels from sending info

73
Q

Tetradotoxin (TTX)

A

Poison found in puffer fish gonads and liver

Blocks voltage gated channels

Deadly and create zombies

74
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Saxitoxin

Blocks voltage gated channels
Causes red tide
Cannot be destroyed by cooking

Vert physiology (8 decks)

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