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Vert physiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Ligand

A

Molecules that bind to proteins reversibly

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2
Q

Chemical messengers 3 Main Categories:

A
  • Paracrines
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Hormones
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3
Q

Paracrines

A

Chemicals that communicate with neighboring cells
(Simple diffusion)

  • Growth Factors
  • Clotting Factors
  • Cytokines
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4
Q

Cytokines

A

Peptides from immune cells, fight infection

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5
Q

Histamine

A

Paracrine messenger, secreted by mast cells and causes inflammation

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals released through axon terminals between neurons

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7
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

Cell that releases neurotransmitter

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8
Q

Post synaptic cell

A

Target cell

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9
Q

Hormones

A

Messengers from endocrine glands, diffuse into blood

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10
Q

Neurohormones

A

Secreted by neurons called neurosecretory cells, diffuses into blood

(Vasopressin) regulate urine

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11
Q

Lipophilic (hydrophobic)

A

Lipid soluble, Cross plasma membrane can’t dissolve in plasma

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12
Q

Lipophobic (Hydrophilic)

A

Dissolve in plasma, but do not cross plasma membrane

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13
Q

Chemical messengers 5 major classes:

A
  • Amino Acids
  • Amines
  • Peptides/Proteins
  • Steroids
  • Eicosanoids
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14
Q

Amino Acid messengers

A
  • Glutamate
  • Aspartae
  • Glycine
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Lipophobic, dissolve in water but do not cross plasma membranes

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15
Q

Amine Messengers

A

From Amino Acids with group (-NH2) and Cateholamines

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16
Q

Catecholamines (catechol group)

A

Six carbon ring, hydrophilic

  • Dopamine
  • Nonepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
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17
Q

Peptide protein Messengers

A

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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18
Q

Peptide

A

Less than 50 amino acids

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19
Q

Protein

A

Longer chains of amino acids

20
Q

Steroid Messengers

A

From cholesterol with 4 ring structure, hydrophobic

21
Q

Eicosanoid Messengers

A

Paracrines produced by almost every cell in the body, from arachidonic acid. Cross plasma membrane (hydrophobic)

  • Prostaglandins- constrict blood vessels cramps
  • leukotrienes-Airway contraction
  • thromboxanes- platelets
22
Q

Arachidonic avid

A

20 Carbon fatty acid

23
Q

Glutamate and Aspartate synthesis

A

1) Glucose catabolized to pyruvic acid by glycolysis
2) Pyruvic acid is in turn converted to acetyl CoA, enter Kreb cycle
3) Amine groups added to keen cycle to form glutamate or aspartame

24
Q

Catecholamines (2)

A

Tyrosine beta hydroxylase
Dopa decarboxylase
Dopamine beta hydroxylase (dopamine to nonepinephrine)
PNMT (nonepinephrine to epinephrine)

25
Q

Serotonin

A

1) tryptophan 5 hydroxylase

2) aromatic L amino acid decarboxylase

26
Q

Histamine

A

Histidine decarboxylase

27
Q

Half life

A

The amount of time it takes for half of the hormone in the blood to be degraded

Proteins in carriers are protected and have longer half lives (hours)

28
Q

Affinity

A

Strength of binding between messenger and its receptor

29
Q

Magnitude of target cell’s response to Messenger factors (3):

A

1) messengers concentration
2) number or receptors
3) affinity of the receptor for messenger

30
Q

Up regulation

A

When cells have low messengers for long time, increase in number of receptors

31
Q

Down regulation

A

When high messenger conc are higher than normal for long time, causing fewer receptors to decrease responsiveness

32
Q

Receptor Agonist

A

Ligands that bind to receptors and produce response

morphine- treat pain cause euphoria band addiction

33
Q

Receptor antagonists

A

Ligands that bind to receptors that do not produce an response

(naloxone- binds to morphine receptors blocks them, reversing effects) 10x affinity

34
Q

Dimerization

A

For steroid hormone to activate a gene, two complexes bind to HRE

35
Q

Lipophobic messenger receptors categories (3):

A
  • Channel linked receptors
  • Enzyme linked receptors
  • G protein linked receptors
36
Q

Channel linked receptors

A

Ligand gated channel, ligand is messenger

1) fast channels- receptors and ion channels
2) slow channels

37
Q

Second messenger

A

Intracellular messenger produced by the binding of an extra cellular messenger to a receptor

38
Q

G protein linked receptors

A

Links G protein receptors and other proteins in plasma membrane called effectors

Effectors- ion channels and enzymes

39
Q

G proteins function

A

Bind guanosine nucleotides

  • alpha 20
  • beta 5
  • gamma 13
40
Q

G protein classifications (3):

A

1) Affect ion channels
2) stimulatory G proteins
3) inhibitory G proteins

2 and 3 activate and inhibit amplifier enzymes

41
Q

Amplifier enzymes

A

Enzymes that catalyze the production of second messengers in intracellular fluid

42
Q

Slow ligand gated ion channels

A

Regulated by G proteins, causes channels to open or close in response to binding of alpha subunit

Differences:
Can be open or closed
Slow to open or close (minutes instead of milliseconds)

43
Q

5 major second messengers

A

1) cAMP
2) cGMP
3) inositol triphosphate
4) diacyglycerol
5) calcium

44
Q

Phosphatidylinositol second messenger system

A

Enzyme catalyzed reaction that yield diacyglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3); calcium

45
Q

Signal amplification

A

Cascades cause this by a series of sequential steps for the phosphorylation of proteins

Vert physiology (8 decks)

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