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Vert physiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Electrical signals or 2nd messengers transmitted from one neuron to another through gap junctions

Between neurons or glial cells

Adult brain
Raid conduction
Bi or unidirectional
Excitatory (Depolarize) or Inhibitory (hyperpolarize)

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2
Q

Chemical synapses

A

The release of neurotransmitters that activate signal transduction mechanisms in the target cell

Muscles and glands are effector organs

Unidirectional

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3
Q

Neuroeffector junction

A

A synapse between a neuron and an effector cell

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4
Q

Synaptic vescicles

A

Store neurotransmitter molecules

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5
Q

How are neurotransmitter synthesized

A

Synthesized in cytosol of axon terminal

Then store in vesicles until eventually released by exocytosis

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6
Q

Cytosolic calcium

A

Triggers the release of neurotransmitter by exocytosis

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7
Q

How voltage calcium channels work

A

1: calcium channels open when axon terminal is depolarized (action potential)
2: allow calcium flow down electrochemical gradient into axon terminal
3: calcium causes vesicles to fuse on inner surface of axon terminal
4: exocytosis, releases neurotransmitter to synaptic cleft

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8
Q

Amount of neurotransmitter factors

A

Concentration of calcium in cytosol

Frequency of action potentials in presynaptic neuron

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9
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitter molecules can be transported back into presynaptic neuron to be degraded and recycled

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10
Q

Channel linked receptor (ionotropic receptor)

A

Fast response

Ligand gated

Opens ion channel and changes mem potential

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11
Q

Postsynaptic potential (PSP)

A

Mem potential of postsynaptic neuron

Very rapid and terminates rapid

Channel closes as soon as neuron leaves receptor

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12
Q

Metabotropic receptors (G protein)

A

Slow response

Ligand binds to Metabotropic receptor activating G protein which excites or inhibits second messenger system

Second messenger affects state of ion channel

Seconds to hours

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13
Q

Excitatory synapses

A

Depolarize postsynaptic neuron closer to threshold for action potential EPSP

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14
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Graded potential, depolarizer as more neurotransmitters bind

Either a fast or slow response

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15
Q

Fast EPSPs

A

Strong electrochemical drives more sodium in than potassium move out, causing a net depolarization

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16
Q

Slow EPSPs

A

1: Neurotransmitter binds to receptor and activates a G protein
2: The G protein then activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase
3: which catalyzes ATP to cAMP
4: cAMP activates protein kinase A
5: add phosphate group to K+ channel
6: phosphorylation closed channel

*Take longer and lasts longer

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17
Q

Inhibitory synapses

A

A synapse that takes the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron away from threshold by hyperpolarization or stabilizes mem pot (-70mV)

Opens the channels for either K+ or Cl- ions

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18
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Graded potential, Chloride channels are opened by neurotransmitters binding to receptors, chloride enter cell causing hyperpolarization

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19
Q

Chloride channels

A

Because chloride is an anion -70mV drives it out of cell

Chloride concentration is higher outside than inside cell, acts to me chloride inside

Chloride is not at equilibrium

20
Q

Chloride equilibrium

A

The passive movement of chloride coupled with the lack of active transport allows chloride ions to be at equilibrium

Without active transport chloride simply diffuses through chloride leak channels to gain equilibrium

Clara equilibrium prevents the opening of chloride channels to cause a change in membrane potential

21
Q

Divergence

A

The arrangement of the axon of one neuron having several collaterals that communicate to several other neurons

22
Q

Convergence

A

Single neuron receives communication from many neurons

23
Q

Neural Integration

A

Action potential occurs if mem pot at axon hillock is depolarized to threshold; below threshold nothing will occur

Divergence
Convergence

24
Q

Temporal summation

A

Two or more post synaptic potentials are generated in rapid succession at the same synapse, causing the potential to not have time to fully dissipate before next potential

Generating a larger hyperpolarization or depolarization

25
Q

Spatial summation

A

Two or more postsynaptic potentials from different synapses spreading to the axon hillock overlapping and summing

26
Q

Frequency coding

A

Increases in the suprathreshold stimuli cause the frequency of action potentials to increase

27
Q

Modulatory synapses

A

Axoaxonic synapses that Regulate the communication across another synapse

28
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

The release of neurotransmitter is enhanced

Modulatory neuron

29
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

The release of neurotransmitters is decreased

Modulatory neuron

30
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

neurotransmitter Synthesized from the substrates acetyl CoA and choline, catalyze by acetyl transferase (CAT)

Released mostly from PNS but also CNS and efferent neurons

Stored in synaptic vesicles until action potential releases by exocytosis

Bind to cholinergic receptors or degraded by acetylcholineterase into acetate (diffuses in yo bloodstream) and choline(recycled)

31
Q

Acetylcholine receptors

A

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors: ionotropic, 2 binding sites, opens k na channel causing EPSP CNS and PNS

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors: metabotropic receptors that uses G protein, causes opening/closing of ion channels and activate enzymes

Mostly found in CNS

32
Q

Biogenic Amines

A

Neurotransmitter from amino acids (NH2), catecholamines, seratonin, and histamine
Dopamine, Epinephrine,Norepinephrine
Synthesized in cytosol—> Packed in vesicles

33
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Receptors from epinephrine and norepinephrine

Two classes:
Alpha adrenergic
Beta adrenergic

Found in CNS and effector organs
G protein autocrine (Ca2+)

34
Q

Catecholamines

A

Slow responses through G proteins

They are autocrines and bind to auto receptors

Can be degraded by monoamine oxidase and catechol-O methyltransferase

35
Q

Amino acids neurotransmitters

A

Most abundant transmitter in CNS

Excitory: Aspartate and Glutamate (NMDA,AMPA,Kainate)

Inhibitory: Glycine and GABA

GABA and Glutamate are opposite effects

36
Q

Glutamate

A

Most released in exciting synapses

Can bind to AMPA,NMDA, and kainate receptors

When binded to AMPA or Kainate receptors a fast EPSP is produced by sodium movement into cell

When binded to NMDA calcium channels open creating biochemical changes in postsynaptic neuron

37
Q

Gamma aminobyutyric acid (GABA)

A

Most released in inhibitory synapses of CNS

Categories:
GABA a and GABA c (ionotropic)
GABA b (metabotropic) slow IPSP auto receptor

GABA a: binds sedatives
GABA c: found in retina

38
Q

Purines

A

GTP, ADP,AMP (stored in vesicles)
Adenosine (releases by enzymes)

Receptor types:
P2X-ionotropic, allows cations, depolarize
P2Y-metabotropic, G protein, can bind adenosine, ADP, and ATP

Nucleotidases breakdown ADP and ATP
adenosine deaminase breakdown adenosine

Major in Enteric nervous system

39
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Short chains of amino acids that are synthesized in rough ER and packaged in dense core vesicles in Golgi apparatus

Then transported down axon to terminal to be stored
Metabotropic
Hormones:
TRH- release TSH
Vasopressin-urine
Oxytocin-contractions, milk
Substance P-stomach motility
Cholecystectokinin-gallbladder contractions
Endogenous opioids=enkephalins and endorphins
Orexin-arousal and sleep cycle (narcolepsy)

40
Q

Unique neurotransmitters

A

Nitric oxide- NO, catalyze by nitric oxide synthetase, The fuses to target cells and alter activity of proteins

Endocannabinoids-manufactored by membrane phospholipid, include anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachdonyglycerol (2-AG), stimulated by an increase in cystolic calcium levels

CB1 receptor that targets THC
Alleviates Parkinson’s disease, anxiety disorders, and post traumatic stress disorder

41
Q

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

Enzyme that breaks, ACh= choline +!Acetyl CoA

Choline makes more Ach

42
Q

Nicotine

A

Crosses blood brain barrier in 10-20 secs

1/2 life around 2 hours

Stimulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors which stimulates dopamine (affects Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, glucose levels

Tobacco MAO inhibitors

43
Q

CB1 receptors (cannabinoid)

A

Medulla: nausea/vomiting, chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)

Cerebellum: Movement
Basal Ganglia: Movement

Cerebral cortex: Higher cognitive function
Hypothalamus: Appetite

Hippocampus: Learning, memory, stress

Spinal cord: peripheral sensation, pain

44
Q

Adverse Effects of Ecstacy

A

Clouded thinking
Hyperthermia
Disturbed behavior
Jaw clenching

45
Q

Stimulants

A

Ritalin and Adderall

Acts like cocaine on dopamine cells

Vert physiology (8 decks)

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