Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Vert physiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Electrical signals or 2nd messengers transmitted from one neuron to another through gap junctions

Between neurons or glial cells

Adult brain
Raid conduction
Bi or unidirectional
Excitatory (Depolarize) or Inhibitory (hyperpolarize)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chemical synapses

A

The release of neurotransmitters that activate signal transduction mechanisms in the target cell

Muscles and glands are effector organs

Unidirectional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neuroeffector junction

A

A synapse between a neuron and an effector cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Synaptic vescicles

A

Store neurotransmitter molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are neurotransmitter synthesized

A

Synthesized in cytosol of axon terminal

Then store in vesicles until eventually released by exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cytosolic calcium

A

Triggers the release of neurotransmitter by exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How voltage calcium channels work

A

1: calcium channels open when axon terminal is depolarized (action potential)
2: allow calcium flow down electrochemical gradient into axon terminal
3: calcium causes vesicles to fuse on inner surface of axon terminal
4: exocytosis, releases neurotransmitter to synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amount of neurotransmitter factors

A

Concentration of calcium in cytosol

Frequency of action potentials in presynaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitter molecules can be transported back into presynaptic neuron to be degraded and recycled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Channel linked receptor (ionotropic receptor)

A

Fast response

Ligand gated

Opens ion channel and changes mem potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Postsynaptic potential (PSP)

A

Mem potential of postsynaptic neuron

Very rapid and terminates rapid

Channel closes as soon as neuron leaves receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Metabotropic receptors (G protein)

A

Slow response

Ligand binds to Metabotropic receptor activating G protein which excites or inhibits second messenger system

Second messenger affects state of ion channel

Seconds to hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Excitatory synapses

A

Depolarize postsynaptic neuron closer to threshold for action potential EPSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Graded potential, depolarizer as more neurotransmitters bind

Either a fast or slow response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fast EPSPs

A

Strong electrochemical drives more sodium in than potassium move out, causing a net depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Slow EPSPs

A

1: Neurotransmitter binds to receptor and activates a G protein
2: The G protein then activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase
3: which catalyzes ATP to cAMP
4: cAMP activates protein kinase A
5: add phosphate group to K+ channel
6: phosphorylation closed channel

*Take longer and lasts longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Inhibitory synapses

A

A synapse that takes the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron away from threshold by hyperpolarization or stabilizes mem pot (-70mV)

Opens the channels for either K+ or Cl- ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Graded potential, Chloride channels are opened by neurotransmitters binding to receptors, chloride enter cell causing hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chloride channels

A

Because chloride is an anion -70mV drives it out of cell

Chloride concentration is higher outside than inside cell, acts to me chloride inside

Chloride is not at equilibrium

20
Q

Chloride equilibrium

A

The passive movement of chloride coupled with the lack of active transport allows chloride ions to be at equilibrium

Without active transport chloride simply diffuses through chloride leak channels to gain equilibrium

Clara equilibrium prevents the opening of chloride channels to cause a change in membrane potential

21
Q

Divergence

A

The arrangement of the axon of one neuron having several collaterals that communicate to several other neurons

22
Q

Convergence

A

Single neuron receives communication from many neurons

23
Q

Neural Integration

A

Action potential occurs if mem pot at axon hillock is depolarized to threshold; below threshold nothing will occur

Divergence
Convergence

24
Q

Temporal summation

A

Two or more post synaptic potentials are generated in rapid succession at the same synapse, causing the potential to not have time to fully dissipate before next potential

Generating a larger hyperpolarization or depolarization

25
Spatial summation
Two or more postsynaptic potentials from different synapses spreading to the axon hillock overlapping and summing
26
Frequency coding
Increases in the suprathreshold stimuli cause the frequency of action potentials to increase
27
Modulatory synapses
Axoaxonic synapses that Regulate the communication across another synapse
28
Presynaptic facilitation
The release of neurotransmitter is enhanced Modulatory neuron
29
Presynaptic inhibition
The release of neurotransmitters is decreased Modulatory neuron
30
Acetylcholine (ACh)
neurotransmitter Synthesized from the substrates acetyl CoA and choline, catalyze by acetyl transferase (CAT) Released mostly from PNS but also CNS and efferent neurons Stored in synaptic vesicles until action potential releases by exocytosis Bind to cholinergic receptors or degraded by acetylcholineterase into acetate (diffuses in yo bloodstream) and choline(recycled)
31
Acetylcholine receptors
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors: ionotropic, 2 binding sites, opens k na channel causing EPSP CNS and PNS Muscarinic cholinergic receptors: metabotropic receptors that uses G protein, causes opening/closing of ion channels and activate enzymes Mostly found in CNS
32
Biogenic Amines
Neurotransmitter from amino acids (NH2), catecholamines, seratonin, and histamine Dopamine, Epinephrine,Norepinephrine Synthesized in cytosol—> Packed in vesicles
33
Adrenergic receptors
Receptors from epinephrine and norepinephrine Two classes: Alpha adrenergic Beta adrenergic Found in CNS and effector organs G protein autocrine (Ca2+)
34
Catecholamines
Slow responses through G proteins They are autocrines and bind to auto receptors Can be degraded by monoamine oxidase and catechol-O methyltransferase
35
Amino acids neurotransmitters
Most abundant transmitter in CNS Excitory: Aspartate and Glutamate (NMDA,AMPA,Kainate) Inhibitory: Glycine and GABA GABA and Glutamate are opposite effects
36
Glutamate
Most released in exciting synapses Can bind to AMPA,NMDA, and kainate receptors When binded to AMPA or Kainate receptors a fast EPSP is produced by sodium movement into cell When binded to NMDA calcium channels open creating biochemical changes in postsynaptic neuron
37
Gamma aminobyutyric acid (GABA)
Most released in inhibitory synapses of CNS Categories: GABA a and GABA c (ionotropic) GABA b (metabotropic) slow IPSP auto receptor GABA a: binds sedatives GABA c: found in retina
38
Purines
GTP, ADP,AMP (stored in vesicles) Adenosine (releases by enzymes) Receptor types: P2X-ionotropic, allows cations, depolarize P2Y-metabotropic, G protein, can bind adenosine, ADP, and ATP Nucleotidases breakdown ADP and ATP adenosine deaminase breakdown adenosine Major in Enteric nervous system
39
Neuropeptides
Short chains of amino acids that are synthesized in rough ER and packaged in dense core vesicles in Golgi apparatus Then transported down axon to terminal to be stored Metabotropic Hormones: TRH- release TSH Vasopressin-urine Oxytocin-contractions, milk Substance P-stomach motility Cholecystectokinin-gallbladder contractions Endogenous opioids=enkephalins and endorphins Orexin-arousal and sleep cycle (narcolepsy)
40
Unique neurotransmitters
Nitric oxide- NO, catalyze by nitric oxide synthetase, The fuses to target cells and alter activity of proteins Endocannabinoids-manufactored by membrane phospholipid, include anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachdonyglycerol (2-AG), stimulated by an increase in cystolic calcium levels CB1 receptor that targets THC Alleviates Parkinson’s disease, anxiety disorders, and post traumatic stress disorder
41
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Enzyme that breaks, ACh= choline +!Acetyl CoA Choline makes more Ach
42
Nicotine
Crosses blood brain barrier in 10-20 secs 1/2 life around 2 hours Stimulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors which stimulates dopamine (affects Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, glucose levels Tobacco MAO inhibitors
43
CB1 receptors (cannabinoid)
Medulla: nausea/vomiting, chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Cerebellum: Movement Basal Ganglia: Movement Cerebral cortex: Higher cognitive function Hypothalamus: Appetite Hippocampus: Learning, memory, stress Spinal cord: peripheral sensation, pain
44
Adverse Effects of Ecstacy
Clouded thinking Hyperthermia Disturbed behavior Jaw clenching
45
Stimulants
Ritalin and Adderall | Acts like cocaine on dopamine cells

Vert physiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions