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EVR1001C > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

The basal area of a tree

A

The cross-sectional area of a tree at breast height (4.5 ft)

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2
Q

Diameter at breast height (DBH)

A

The diameter of a tree at 4 1/2 ft above the ground

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3
Q

The Forest Stewardship Council certifies that

A

The paper comes from sources that use sustainable practices (some species take longer to grow

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4
Q

Forest

A

Any ecosystem with high density of trees

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5
Q

Forests cover what percentage of the earths surface

A

31%

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6
Q

Virgin forests

A

Untouched, old forests

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7
Q

Forests provide

A

Habitat, maintain soil, air and water, and are part of vital biogeochemical cycles; essential goods for humans

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8
Q

Old growth forests have ____ ______ than younger forests

A

Higher diversity (structural diversity, micro habitats, and resources)

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9
Q

Forest floor

A

The ground

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10
Q

Snag

A

A dead tree

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11
Q

What causes a snag?

A

Lightening, water saturation

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12
Q

Snags provide

A

Cavities for nesting, perches, food, and roofs

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13
Q

Forests provide what ecosystem services

A

Prevent erosion, recharge aquifers,purify water, produce oxygen, influence weather, return organic material to soil as litter

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14
Q

Forests enhance quality of life

A

Culture, aesthetics, health, recreation, adventure

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15
Q

Trees absorb what and store what

A

Carbon dioxide; carbon

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16
Q

Cutting forests worsens what

A

Climate change

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17
Q

Dead plants release

A

Co2

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18
Q

Fewer trees are left to

A

Soak up co2

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19
Q

Forests store more _ than the atmosphere

A

Carbon

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20
Q

Industrial harvesting has allowed us to

A

Extract more timber than ever before

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21
Q

Deforestation

A

Clearing/loss of forests; changes landscapes and ecosystems; reduces biodiversity; worsens climate change; disrupts ecosystem services

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22
Q

1 cause of deforestation

A

To build roads

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23
Q

Primary forests

A

Natural forests uncut by humans ( little remaining after 20th century)

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24
Q

Secondary forests

A

Contains second growth trees (most of our forests)

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25
Q

Carbon storage limits

A

Climate change

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26
Q

Forests are being cleared rapidly in _ nations

A

Developing

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27
Q

Most deforestation is in

A

Latin America and Africa

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28
Q

_ and _ forests are Recovering from past deforestation

A

European; North American

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29
Q

_ is home To most of the Amazon rain forest

A

Brazil

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30
Q

Concession

A

Foreign countries come in wanting others resources

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31
Q

Economic benefits of deforestation are _ term

A

Short

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32
Q

Palm oil is used in

A

Snack foods, soaps, and cosmetics (and replace fossil fuels)

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33
Q

Forestry

A

The practice of forest management

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34
Q

Resource management

A

Strategies to manage and regulate potential renewable resources

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35
Q

Maximum sustainable yield

A

Aims to achieve the maximum amount of resource extraction without depleting the resource from one harvest to the next; without depleting the resource

36
Q

Ecosystem based management

A

Minimizes impacts on ecosystems and ecological processes (umbrella diagram)

37
Q

National forests

A

Public lands set aside to grow trees, produce timber, protect watersheds, and ensure future timber supplies

38
Q

What percentage Of US land is set aside for national forests

A

191 million acres; 77 million ha; 8%

39
Q

The US forest service was established in

A

1905

40
Q

What does the US forest service do

A

Manages florists for the greater good of the greatest number in the long run

41
Q

Federal agencies own and manage over _ acres

A

600 million

42
Q

Most logging is done on _ land because _

A

Private; landowners make money

43
Q

National forest harvesting has inclined or declined

A

Declined

44
Q

North America’s timber industry focuses on what kind of plantations

A

Plantations of fast growing trees of single species monocultures ( not natural forests)

45
Q

Even-aged stands

A

All trees are planted at the same time

46
Q

Rotation time

A

Time between cuts

47
Q

Uneven aged stands

A

A mix of tree species and aged; more similar to natural forests

48
Q

What is the worst form of obtaining lumber

A

Clear cutting

49
Q

Clear cutting

A

All trees in an area are cut; most cost efficient; causes habitat destruction

50
Q

Impacts of clear cutting

A

Removes communities; leads to soil erosion; polluted water

51
Q

National Forest Management Act

A

Started in 1976;

Integrates harvesting methods with management goals to manage wildlife and restore degraded ecosystems

52
Q

What service is used to suppress fires

A

The Forest Service

53
Q

Many ecosystems depend on controlled burns for

A

seed germination, grassland preservation, animal diversity and abundance, and undergrowth

54
Q

Wild land urban interface

A

Housing developments are placed near forests; vulnerable forest fires

55
Q

Fire suppression leads to catastrophic fires that can

A

Damage property, hurt forests, threaten people ( has become more lately)

56
Q

Prescribed (controlled) burns

A

Burning areas of forests under carefully controlled conditions; removes fuel loads, nourished soil, encourages growth of new vegetation

57
Q

Removing snags/ timber from recently burned areas

A

increases erosion and soil damage; impedes forest regeneration and promotes future fires

58
Q

Pests_huge areas of trees, particularly __ ___

A

Kill; even aged plantations

59
Q

The bark beetle killed more than ___ ____ conifer trees in ____ North America

A

30 billion; western

60
Q

Sustainable forest certification

A

Granted to forests, companies, and products made using sustainable methods

61
Q

The Forest Stewardship Council

A

Has the strictest standards

62
Q

What percentage of all land is under some sort of protection

A

12%

63
Q

First national park

A

Yellowstone

64
Q

What year was Yellowstone established?

A

1872

65
Q

Largest park in Fl

A

Fort Desoto

66
Q

Largest preserve in Fl

A

Broker Creek

67
Q

First national wildlife refuge

A

Pelican island

68
Q

Pelican island was founded in and by

A

1903; Theodore Roosevelt

69
Q

How many national wildlife refuges are there

A

550 sites ( total of 151 million acres/ 61 million ha)

70
Q

National wildlife refuge is administered by

A

The US Fish and Wildlife Service

71
Q

Wilderness areas

A

Off limits to development; 750 areas; 44 million ha; 110 million acres

72
Q

Biosphere reserves

A

Land w Excepcional biodiversity managed or designated by UN; preservations w sustainable development; must benefit locals

73
Q

Edge effects

A

Conditions created along fragment’s edge; parasites and predators easily attack birds nests

74
Q

Interior bird species can’t _ when pushed to edge of fragment

A

Reproduce

75
Q

Land trusts

A

Local or regional organizations that purchase land to protect it

76
Q

The worlds largest land trust

A

Nature Conservancy

77
Q

Trusts own _ and protect an additional_

A

690,000 ha (1.7 Million acres); 4.1 million ha (10.2 million acres)

78
Q

Biosphere reserve zones

A

Core- untouched
Buffer- ecotourism
Transition- agriculture

79
Q

What is the main reason for decline of populations of North American songbirds

A

Fragmentation

80
Q

Species diversity declines in

A

Fragments (acc. researchers in Brazilian rainforest)

81
Q

Corridors

A

A way for animals to get from one habitat to another (encourages gene flow)

82
Q

What threatens to undo our efforts to design, establish, and guard protected areas

A

Global climate change

83
Q

As temp warms, species’ ranges are shifting

A

Northward

84
Q

Species can’t move in

A

Fragmented areas

85
Q

_ species are at a greater risk

A

High elevation

EVR1001C (11 decks)

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