Chapter 9 Flashcards by katlin W

The basal area of a tree

The cross-sectional area of a tree at breast height (4.5 ft)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Diameter at breast height (DBH)

The diameter of a tree at 4 1/2 ft above the ground

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Forest Stewardship Council certifies that

The paper comes from sources that use sustainable practices (some species take longer to grow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Forest

Any ecosystem with high density of trees

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Forests cover what percentage of the earths surface

31%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Virgin forests

Untouched, old forests

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Forests provide

Habitat, maintain soil, air and water, and are part of vital biogeochemical cycles; essential goods for humans

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Old growth forests have ____ ______ than younger forests

Higher diversity (structural diversity, micro habitats, and resources)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Forest floor

The ground

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Snag

A dead tree

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes a snag?

Lightening, water saturation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Snags provide

Cavities for nesting, perches, food, and roofs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Forests provide what ecosystem services

Prevent erosion, recharge aquifers,purify water, produce oxygen, influence weather, return organic material to soil as litter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Forests enhance quality of life

Culture, aesthetics, health, recreation, adventure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Trees absorb what and store what

Carbon dioxide; carbon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cutting forests worsens what

Climate change

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dead plants release

Co2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fewer trees are left to

Soak up co2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Forests store more _ than the atmosphere

Carbon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Industrial harvesting has allowed us to

Extract more timber than ever before

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Deforestation

Clearing/loss of forests; changes landscapes and ecosystems; reduces biodiversity; worsens climate change; disrupts ecosystem services

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 cause of deforestation

To build roads

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary forests

Natural forests uncut by humans ( little remaining after 20th century)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Secondary forests

Contains second growth trees (most of our forests)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Carbon storage limits

Climate change

Forests are being cleared rapidly in _ nations

Developing

Most deforestation is in

Latin America and Africa

_ and _ forests are Recovering from past deforestation

European; North American

_ is home To most of the Amazon rain forest

Brazil

Concession

Foreign countries come in wanting others resources

Economic benefits of deforestation are _ term

Short

Palm oil is used in

Snack foods, soaps, and cosmetics (and replace fossil fuels)

Forestry

The practice of forest management

Resource management

Strategies to manage and regulate potential renewable resources

Maximum sustainable yield

Aims to achieve the maximum amount of resource extraction without depleting the resource from one harvest to the next; without depleting the resource

Ecosystem based management

Minimizes impacts on ecosystems and ecological processes (umbrella diagram)

National forests

Public lands set aside to grow trees, produce timber, protect watersheds, and ensure future timber supplies

What percentage Of US land is set aside for national forests

191 million acres; 77 million ha; 8%

The US forest service was established in

1905

What does the US forest service do

Manages florists for the greater good of the greatest number in the long run

Federal agencies own and manage over _ acres

600 million

Most logging is done on _ land because _

Private; landowners make money

National forest harvesting has inclined or declined

Declined

North America’s timber industry focuses on what kind of plantations

Plantations of fast growing trees of single species monocultures ( not natural forests)

Even-aged stands

All trees are planted at the same time

Rotation time

Time between cuts

Uneven aged stands

A mix of tree species and aged; more similar to natural forests

What is the worst form of obtaining lumber

Clear cutting

All trees in an area are cut; most cost efficient; causes habitat destruction

Impacts of clear cutting

Removes communities; leads to soil erosion; polluted water

National Forest Management Act

Started in 1976; | Integrates harvesting methods with management goals to manage wildlife and restore degraded ecosystems

What service is used to suppress fires

The Forest Service

Many ecosystems depend on controlled burns for

seed germination, grassland preservation, animal diversity and abundance, and undergrowth

Wild land urban interface

Housing developments are placed near forests; vulnerable forest fires

Fire suppression leads to catastrophic fires that can

Damage property, hurt forests, threaten people ( has become more lately)

Prescribed (controlled) burns

Burning areas of forests under carefully controlled conditions; removes fuel loads, nourished soil, encourages growth of new vegetation

Removing snags/ timber from recently burned areas

increases erosion and soil damage; impedes forest regeneration and promotes future fires

Pests_huge areas of trees, particularly __ ___

Kill; even aged plantations

The bark beetle killed more than ___ ____ conifer trees in ____ North America

30 billion; western

Sustainable forest certification

Granted to forests, companies, and products made using sustainable methods

The Forest Stewardship Council

Has the strictest standards

What percentage of all land is under some sort of protection

12%

First national park

Yellowstone

What year was Yellowstone established?

1872

Largest park in Fl

Fort Desoto

Largest preserve in Fl

Broker Creek

First national wildlife refuge

Pelican island

Pelican island was founded in and by

1903; Theodore Roosevelt

How many national wildlife refuges are there

550 sites ( total of 151 million acres/ 61 million ha)

National wildlife refuge is administered by

The US Fish and Wildlife Service

Wilderness areas

Off limits to development; 750 areas; 44 million ha; 110 million acres

Biosphere reserves

Land w Excepcional biodiversity managed or designated by UN; preservations w sustainable development; must benefit locals

Edge effects

Conditions created along fragment’s edge; parasites and predators easily attack birds nests

Interior bird species can’t _ when pushed to edge of fragment

Reproduce

Land trusts

Local or regional organizations that purchase land to protect it

The worlds largest land trust

Nature Conservancy

Trusts own _ and protect an additional_

690,000 ha (1.7 Million acres); 4.1 million ha (10.2 million acres)

Biosphere reserve zones

Core- untouched Buffer- ecotourism Transition- agriculture

What is the main reason for decline of populations of North American songbirds

Fragmentation

Species diversity declines in

Fragments (acc. researchers in Brazilian rainforest)

Corridors

A way for animals to get from one habitat to another (encourages gene flow)

What threatens to undo our efforts to design, establish, and guard protected areas

Global climate change

As temp warms, species’ ranges are shifting

Northward

Species can’t move in

Fragmented areas

_ species are at a greater risk

High elevation

Chapter 9 Flashcards

(85 cards)