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EVR1001C > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Geothermal energy

A

Thermal energy from beneath Earth’s surface

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2
Q

(blank) of elements under high pressures deep inside the planet generates heat

A

Radioactive decay

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3
Q

Heat rises through ,,and _; Heated groundwater erupts as or _ _

A

Heat rises through magma, fissures, and cracks

Heated groundwater erupts as geysers or submarine hydrothermal vents

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4
Q

Can hot water can directly heat building?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Geothermal power plants use what or steam to generate electricity

A

hot water

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6
Q

Geothermal power plants harness _ and _ to generate electricity

A

naturally heated water and steam

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7
Q

More than _ U.S. homes use GSHPs

A

600,000

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8
Q

Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs)

A

Geothermal pumps heat buildings in the winter
by transferring heat from the ground to the building
In summer, heat is transferred from the building to the ground

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9
Q

GSHP stands for

A

Ground-source heat pumps

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10
Q

Soil temperatures vary more or less than air temperatures

A

less

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11
Q

T or F? GSHPs heat and cool spaces more efficiently and reduce electricity and emissions

A

True

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12
Q

Tidal Energy

A

Kinetic energy from the natural motion of ocean water generating electrical power
Dams cross the outlets of tidal basins
Water is trapped behind gates
Tidal currents turn turbines to generate electricity

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13
Q

Does tidal energy release emissions or change an area’s biology?

A

Tidal stations don’t release emissions but they change the area’s ecology

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14
Q

Wave energy

A

The motion of waves is harnessed and converted from mechanical energy into electricity; many designs exist but need to be tested

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15
Q

What kind of waves does wave energy use?

A

Ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream, can be used

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16
Q

Where have underwater turbines been erected?

A

Off Europe

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17
Q

Each day, tropical oceans absorb solar radiation equal to the heat content of _ billion barrels of oil

A

250

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18
Q

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)

A

Uses temperature differences between the surface and deep water

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19
Q

How does OTEC work

A

Warm surface water evaporates chemicals, which spin turbines to generate electricity; or warm surface water is Evaporated in a vacuum and it’s steam turns turbines

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20
Q

Hydro power

A

Uses the kinetic energy of moving water to turn turbines to generate electricity

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21
Q

What are the three approaches for Hydro power

A

Storage technique; run of river approach; pumped storage

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22
Q

Storage technique of hydropower

A

Water stored in reservoirs behind dams passes through the damn and turns turbines

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23
Q

Run of river approach of hydropower

A

Generates electricity without disrupting the rivers flow; water flows through a pipe then returns to the river; useful in remote areas away from electric grids

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24
Q

Pumped storage approach of hydropower

A

Water is pumped to a high reservoir and flows downward through a turbine

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25
Q

What are the two advantages Hydro power has over fossil fuel for producing electricity

A

It is renewable: as long as precipitation fills rivers we can use water to turn turbines; it is clean and no carbon dioxide is emitted

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26
Q

What are some ways damning rivers destroy wildlife habitats

A

Upstream areas are submerged; downstream areas are starved of water

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27
Q

What is a way natural flooding cycles of rivers are disrupted due to hydropower

A

Downstream floodplains don’t get nutrients; water temperatures are changed, eliminating fish species; dams block passage of fish, fragmenting the river and reducing biodiversity

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28
Q

What country has the most dams

A

China

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29
Q

Why is hydropower not likely to expand much more

A

Because most of the worlds largest rivers have already been dammed; people have grown aware of the ecological impact of dams and resist more construction

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30
Q

What percentage of US suitable rivers have been damned, while the rest are ____

A

98%; protected

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31
Q

What percentage of US rivers are protected

A

2%

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32
Q

Bio energy (biomass energy)

A

Energy obtained from biomass

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33
Q

Biomass

A

Organic material from living or recently living organisms; includes wood, charcoal, agricultural crops, manure

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34
Q

The sustainable use of bio energy requires careful consideration of what

A

The biomass source

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35
Q

Over blank billion people is fire for heat, cooking, and light

A

1 billion

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36
Q

How do we harness, use, and process bio energy

A

We harness bio energy by burning biomass for heating, using biomass to generate electricity, and processing biomass to create liquid fuels for transportation

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37
Q

Bio power

A

Biomass sources are burned in powerplants which generate heat and electricity

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38
Q

Waste products industry or processes make when using bio power

A

Woody debris, pulp mill waste, crop residues

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39
Q

Bio energy crops

A

Fast growing willow trees, bamboo, switch grass

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40
Q

Biofuels

A

Liquid fuels used to power automobiles

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41
Q

Ethanol

A

A biofuel made by fermenting carbohydrate rich crops is added to US gasoline to reduce omissions

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42
Q

In 2013, _ billion gallons of ethanol were made in the US mostly from corn

A

13.3

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43
Q

What will increase ethanol production

A

Congressional mandates

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44
Q

To produce all automotive fuel used in the US with ethanol from us corn the nation would need to expand its already immense corn acreage by more than blank times

A

4 times

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45
Q

What are some reasons of growing corn impacts that environmental scientists don’t like about corn-based ethanol

A

Pesticides, fertilizers, irrigation; takes up precious land; using the corn crop to produce Ethanol drives up food prices; growing corn requires energy for equipment, pesticides, fertilizers, transportation to processing plants

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46
Q

Corn’s EROI ratio is _ so it’s inefficient

A

1.5:1

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47
Q

Biodiesel

A

Produced from vegetable oil, cooking grease, animal fat, soybeans, oil palms, rapeseed

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48
Q

Can vehicles run on 100% biodiesel?

A

Yes

49
Q

What is B20

A

20% biodiesel

50
Q

Advantages to biodiesel

A

Reduces emissions; good fuel economy

51
Q

Disadvantages to biodiesel

A

Costs more than gasoline; crops are specially grown, using land, leading to deforestation

52
Q

Other crops that can be used as biofuel

A

Wheat, sorghum, sugar beets, hemp, grasses

53
Q

Algae

A

Produce lipids that can be converted to biodiesel

54
Q

How is algae turned into biodiesel

A

Their carbs can be fermented to make ethanol; can be grown in ponds, tanks, or photobioreactors; grow fast and can be harvested every few days

55
Q

Cellulosic ethanol

A

Produced from structural plant material (eg cornstalks) that has no food value

56
Q

Is hydrogen an energy source?

A

No, it is an energy carrier

57
Q

Hydrogen fuel could store energy cleanly and efficiently by

A

using the world’s simplest and most abundant element (hydrogen) as fuel

58
Q

Electricity produced from _ would be used to produce hydrogen

A

intermittent sources (sun, wind)

59
Q

__ would use hydrogen to produce electricity to power cars, homes, computers, etc

A

Fuel cells (hydrogen batteries)

60
Q

__ are funding research into hydrogen and fuel cell technology

A

Governments

61
Q

Does hydrogen gas exist freely on earth?

A

no

62
Q

Electrolysis

A

electricity splits hydrogen from water (2H2O=>2H2+O2); may cause pollution depending on source of electricity

63
Q

Once isolated, ___ can be used as a fuel to produce electricity within fuel cells

A

hydrogen gas

64
Q

The chemical reaction within fuel cells is

A

opposite to that of electrolysis (2H2+O2=>2H2O)

65
Q

Costs and benefits of hydrogen and fuel cells

A

Costs: Need massive and costly development of infrastructure; Leakage of hydrogen can deplete stratospheric ozone
Benefits: We’ll never run out of hydrogen; It can be clean and non toxic to use; It may produce few greenhouse gases and pollutants; If kept under pressure, it is no more dangerous than gasoline in tanks; cells are silent and non polluting and don’t need recharging

66
Q

Hydrogen fuel cells are up to __% energy efficient

A

90%

67
Q

Each square meter of Earth receives __ times the energy of a light bulb

A

17

68
Q

Passive solar energy collection

A

Buildings are designed to maximize absorption of sunlight in winter (windows face south)

69
Q

Most desirable alternative energy source

A

wind power

70
Q

Least desirable energy source

A

ethanol

71
Q

Active solar energy collection

A

uses technology to focus, move, or store solar energy

72
Q

Over ___million US homes and businesses heat water with solar collectors; most is for _

A

200 million; swimming pools

73
Q

Concentrated solar power (CSP)

A

technologies that concentrate solar energy to generate electricity; mirrors track sun’s movement

74
Q

Solar cookers

A

simple, portable ovens that use reflectors to focus sunlight onto food

75
Q

Green collar jobs

A

design, installation, maintenance, and management of renewable energy technologies

76
Q

Who is the world’s leader in production of PV solar power, yet the country is cool and cloudy

A

Germany

77
Q

_____ offer incentives to promote solar energy

A

Federal policies

78
Q

Feed-in tariff system

A

Utilities must buy power from anyone who generates it from renewable sources

79
Q

Our global economy is powered by _

A

fossil fuels

80
Q

Oil, coal, and natural gas supply ___ of our energy and ____ of the world’s electricity

A

four-fifths; two-thirds

81
Q

Renewable sources are used less for _ but more for _

A

used relatively less for transportation but relatively more for generating electricity

82
Q

Main nonrenewable alternative

A

Nuclear energy

83
Q

Hydroelectric power and biomass are

A

renewables and well established and widely used

84
Q

___ are not widely used and are still being developed to use in ___

A

New Renewables; generating electricity, heating air and water, providing fuel for vehicles

85
Q

What regions have the most wind turbines

A

Mountainous regions

86
Q

___ employees now work in the wind industry

A

85,000

87
Q

Over __ colleges and universities offer programs and degrees that train people for jobs in renewable energy

A

100

88
Q

US growth in wind power has been haphazard because

A

a long-term federal tax credit could encourage growth

89
Q

What 5 nations produce 75% of the world’s wind power

A

China, US, Germany, Spain, India

90
Q

Thin-film solar cells

A

PV materials are compressed into thin sheets; less efficient but cheaper; can be incorporated into roofing shingles, roads

91
Q

Net Metering

A

The value of the power the consumer provides is subtracted from monthly utility bill; fees in tariffs pay producers more than the market price of power so power producers turn a profit

92
Q

Photovoltaic (PV) cells

A

Convert sunlight directly into electrical energy through electron current arranged in modules

93
Q

Wind speeds are __% greater over water than land w less turbulence

A

20%

94
Q

Cost to put turbines over water is higher or lower and is more or less profitable and produce more or less power

A

Higher; more; more

95
Q

What water are turbines limited to

A

Shallow water

96
Q

The first US offshore wind farm will have ___ turbines and is located where

A

130; off cape cod, Massachusetts

97
Q

Does wind power produce emissions when installed

A

No; it prevents release of CO2, SO2,NO7, and mercury

98
Q

Is wind power more efficient than conventional power sources

A

Yes

99
Q

Turbines produce __ times more energy than they consume

A

20

100
Q

____________ technologies use no fuels, are quiet, are safe, contain no moving parts, and require a little maintenance.

A

Solar

101
Q

In developed nations, PV owners can sell excess _________________ to their local utility.

A

Electricity

102
Q

____________ collar jobs are being created.

A

Green

103
Q

PV ___________ do not emit greenhouse gases and air pollution went up and running

A

Cells

104
Q

_______________ leads the world in PV cell production.

A

China

105
Q

Solar energy is expanding

The US may recover its __________________ as a result of tax credit and state initiatives.

A

Leadership

106
Q

Solar energy use should _____________ as a result of:

  • Falling prices
  • impaired technologies
  • economic incentives
A

Increase

107
Q

Not all regions are __________________ enough for solar energy.

A

Sunny

108
Q

What are some downsides to solar energy?

A
  • Daily and seasonal variation poses problems
  • We need storage such as batteries and a back up power
  • Solar produces the most expensive electricity, but prices have dropped and efficiency have increased
109
Q

Solar produces the most expensive electricity, but _______________ have dropped and efficiency has _________________.

A

Prices

Increased

110
Q

When energy is derived from:

A

Movement of air

111
Q

Wind energy is an indirect form of _____________________.

A

Solar energy

112
Q

Devices that convert wind’s Kinetic energy into electrical energy are called?

A

Wind turbines

113
Q

Wind blowing into a turbine turns the blades. The _____________ contains the generator.

A

nacelle

114
Q

Wind Turbine towers are ________ feet tall.

A

260

115
Q

Wind ___________ may contain hundreds of turbines.

A

Farms

116
Q

Wind varies from time to time and place to place.

  • It can be one of several sources of electricity
  • Batteries or _____________ fuel can store the energy
A

Hydrogen

117
Q

Wind sources are not always near _________________ centers that need energy.

A

Population

118
Q

Local residents often _____________ wind farms.

A

Oppose

119
Q

Turbines kill _______________ and ________________ when they fly into rotating blades.

A

Birds

Bats

EVR1001C (11 decks)

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