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EVR1001C > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What species dominates all other life forms?

A

Insects

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2
Q

How many ecosystems are in the state of Florida?

A

81 ecosystems

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3
Q

Nature deficit disorder

A

Disassociation with nature (inside day in/day out)

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4
Q

Extinction

A

Last member of species to die.

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5
Q

What percentage of all species that have ever lived are extinct?

A

99%

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6
Q

_____ mass extinctions were in the past _____ years.

A

5; 440 million

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7
Q

ESA stands for what and what year was it founded

A

Endangered Species Act; 1973

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8
Q

Endangered

A

At risk of going extinct

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9
Q

Threatened

A

At risk of being endangered

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10
Q

Species of Special Concern

A

At risk of being threatened

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11
Q

Nonnative species

A

Species not native to area introduced accidentally or purposely.

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12
Q

Occurs when the last member of a species dies and the species ceases to exist

A

Extinction

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13
Q

The disappearance of a population from a given area but not the entire species globally

A

Extirpation (local extinction)

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14
Q

Over time, ____________________ can lead to extinction.

A

Extirpation

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15
Q

Biodiversity’s benefits go beyond _________________.

A

Economics

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16
Q
  • Humans love nature and have an emotional bond with other living things.
  • our affinity for parks and wildlife, our love for pets
  • our interest in hiking, birdwatching, fishing, hunting, backpacking
A

Biophilia

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17
Q

__________________ is a vital source of income for many nations.

A

Ecotourism

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18
Q

Biodiversity boosts economies through ___________________ and ___________________.

A

Tourism and recreation

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19
Q

Ecotourism for Costa Rica?

A

Rainforests

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20
Q

Ecotourism for Australia?

A

Great barrier reef

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21
Q

Ecotourism for Belize?

A

Reefs, caves, and rainforests

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22
Q

Ecotourism for the US?

A

National parks

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23
Q

Ecotourism for Kenya and Tanzania?

A

Savanna wildlife

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24
Q

Ecotourism is a powerful incentive to preserve natural areas and reduce impacts on ________________ and _______________.

A

Wildlife and landscapes

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25
Q

But too many _______________ can damage natural assets.

A

Visitors

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26
Q

People value _________________ with nature.

A

Connections

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27
Q

Alienation from biodiversity and nature damages childhood development.

A

“Nature deficit disorder”

Richard Louv, 2005 book

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28
Q

Nature deficit disorder may lie behind many _________________ and _____________________ challenges young people in developed nations face today.

A

Emotional and psychological

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29
Q

_________________ is a natural process that occurs very slowly.

A

Extinction

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30
Q

99% of all species that ever lived are now ___________________.

A

Extinct

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31
Q

Background extinction rate

  • natural extinctions
  • For mammal or marine species, each year ______ species out of every 1 to 10,000,000 goes extinct.
A

1

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32
Q

We are setting the _______ mass extinction in motion.

A

6th

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33
Q

The current extinction rate is ___________ to ___________ times greater than the background rate.

A

100 to 1,000

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34
Q

The current extinction rate is due to ________________________ and ___________________________.

A

Human population growth and resource consumption

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35
Q

Red list by the union for conservation of nature

  • Species facing high risks of extinction
  • 2014 red list reported
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ species(22%)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ species(13%)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ species(31%)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ species(20%)
A

Mammal, bird, amphibian, fish

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36
Q

In the last 500 years, 236 ___________________ and 30 ___________________ species have gone extinct in the United States.

(Actual numbers are higher)

A

Animal and plant

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37
Q

(several major causes of biodiversity loss stand out)

________________ loss is the greatest cause of biodiversity loss.

A

Habitat

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38
Q

(several major causes of biodiversity loss stand out)

Humans alter, degrade, and destroy habitats…

  • farming simplifies communities
  • grazing modifies grassland structure and composition
  • clearing forests removes resources organisms need
  • dams turnovers into reservoirs
  • Urban sprawl replaces natural ecosystems
A

Causes of Habitat loss

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39
Q

Earth has had___________ mass extinctions in the past 440 million years.

A

5

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40
Q

Each of our mass extinction events eliminated at least _________% of all species.

A

50%

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41
Q

______________________ are causing the 6th extinction event.

A

Humans

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42
Q

Who will suffer as a result of eradicating 50% of all species?

A

We will

43
Q

___________________ have driven hundreds of species to extinction in the past few centuries.

A

Humans

44
Q

What do all of these birds have in common?

  • Carolina parakeet
  • Great auk
  • Labrador duck
  • passenger pigeon
  • Bachman’s warbler
  • Eskimo curlew
  • possibly the Ivory-billed woodpecker
A

North American birds that are now extinct

45
Q

What do all of the species have in common?

  • whooping crane
  • Kirtland’s warbler
  • California condor
A

Species that teeter on the brink of extinction

46
Q

(On test)

Gradual, piecemeal degradation, and loss of habitat(farming, login, roads, etc.)

Continuous habitats are broken into patches

Corridors link fragmented habitats, allowing animals to travel from one to another

A

Habitat fragmentation

47
Q

(On test)

What are the four steps of habitat fragmentation?

A
  1. Original habitat
  2. Gaps form as habitat becomes fragmented
  3. Gaps become larger; fragments become smaller and more isolated
  4. Species disappear do to habitat fragmentation
48
Q

(Several major causes of Biodiversity loss stand out)

How does pollution harm organisms?

A

Air pollution degrades forest ecosystems

Noise and light interfere with behavior and habitat use of animals

Water pollution impairs fish and amphibians

Agricultural runoff (fertilizers, pesticides, sediments) harms terrestrial and aquatic species

Toxins, garbage, oil, and chemicals impact organisms

(damage to wildlife and ecosystems caused by pollution can be substantial but it is less damaging than habitat loss)

49
Q

(several major causes of biodiversity loss stand out)

_______________ species that are long lived and slow to reproduce.

African elephants(tusks for Ivory)
African rhinoceroses(horns)
Asian tigers(body parts)
African gorillas and primates(bush meat)
Whales
Sharks(fins for soup)

Government passed laws, sign treaties, and strength an anti-poaching efforts.

A

Overharvesting

50
Q

Invasive species cause biodiversity loss

___________________ of non-native species to new areas.

  • Accidental: zebra mussels, exotic pets, wreds
  • Intentional: food crops, exotic pets, plants

Invaders lack _________________, ________________,
or __________________.
-displace native species

A

Introduction

predators, parasites, competitors

51
Q

(Several major causes of biodiversity loss stand out)

________________Manipulation of earth’s climate has global impacts on biodiversity

____________________ of greenhouse gases warm temperatures.

  • modifies global climate patterns
  • increases the frequency of extreme weather events

Increased stress forces organisms to shift their ______________________ ranges.

  • many species will not be able to adapt
  • A temperature increase of 1.5 to 2.5°C threatens 20 to 30% of species with extinction
A

Human

Emission

Geographical

52
Q

(A mix of causes threatens many species)

_____________________ collapse of amphibians

  • entire populations of frogs, turtles, and salamanders are vanishing
  • Over 40% of 7200 known species of amphibians are in decline and 30% are threatened.
  • At least 170 species studied just a few years or decades ago are extinct.
A

Worldwide

53
Q

Devoted to understanding factors, forces, and processes that influence a loss, protection, and restoration of biological diversity.

An applied and goal oriented science

Has implicit values and ethical standards

Researchers integrate evolution and ecology as they use field in lab data, theory, and experiments to study our impacts on organisms

A

Conservation biology

54
Q

Study the effects of loss of genetic variation. (such as inbreeding depression)

A

Conservation geneticists

55
Q

How small a population can become before it runs into problems

Small populations are most vulnerable to extinction and need special attention

A

Minimum viable population size

56
Q

To determine how likely that a population will persist one face with habitat change or other threats

A

Scientists study species dispersal and gene flow

57
Q

The primary legislation for protecting biodiversity in the US

Forbids the government and citizens from taking actions that destroy endangered or threatened species as well as their habitats

Forbids trading in products made from these species

Aim is to prevent extinction, stabilize declining population’s, and enable populations to recover

In 2014, recovery plans were in place for 75% of the 1189 endangered and 328 threatened species in the US

A

Endangered species act (ESA)(1973)

58
Q

(International Treaties promote conservation)

U.N. convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (cities)(1973)

A

Protects endangered species by banning international transport of their body parts

59
Q

(endangered species are focus of conservation efforts)

______________________________ has saved her stabilized species

  • 40% of declining population’s have been stabilized
  • bald eagle, peregrine falcon, and brown pelican have been removed from the endangered list
A

Intensive management

60
Q

(endangered species are focus of conservation efforts)

ESA is ________________________.
-most Americans support protecting endangered species
-opponents feel that the ESA values endangered organisms more than the livelihood of people
—protection will restrict land-use and cost jobs,
—“shoot, shovel, and shut up”,
—Landowners conceal the presence of endangered species on their land
—But ESA has stopped few development projects

-Habitat conservation plans and safe harbor agreements
—landowners are allowed to take actions that harm species if they improve habitat for the species and other places

A

Controversial

61
Q

Captive breeding

A

Individuals are bred and raised so they can be re-introduced into the wild.

62
Q

In cloning, DNA from an _______ __________ is inserted into an __________

A

Endangered species; egg without a nucleus from a closely related species

63
Q

Forensic Science

A

Analyzes evidence to identify or answer questions relating to a crime

64
Q

How do conservation scientists use forensics to save a species?

A

Conservation scientists use forensics to protect species at risk from illegal harvesting

65
Q

Detecting illegal activity…

A

Help enforce laws protecting wildlife

66
Q

Biodiversity Hotspots

A

An international approach oriented around geographic regions

67
Q

Endemic Species

A

Species found nowhere else in the world

68
Q

Biodiversity Hotspots must have…

A

At least 1500 endemic plant species (0.5% of world total); lost 70% of habitat as a result of humans

69
Q

How many biodiversity Hotspots are there?

A

34

70
Q

What percentage of land surface contains ______ of all plant species and _____ of all terrestrial vertebrae species

A

2.3%; 50%; 42%

71
Q

Parks and protected areas conserve ____ at the ______

A

Biodiversity; ecosystem level

72
Q

What percentage Of the worlds area is in parks, wilderness, reserves, etc.

A

13%

73
Q

Developing nations ______ conservationists from developed nations trying to preserve areas.

A

Often do not support

74
Q

Community-based conservation

A

Offers education, health care and development aid

People are retrained to protect species

Local resources can be sustainably managed

Biologists partner with people to protect land and wildlife

75
Q

Biodiversity is _______, threatening ______

A

Being lost rapidly and visibly; the sixth mass extinction

76
Q

Conservation biologists today are conducting research to guide efforts

A

Help save endangered species, protect their habitats, restore populations, and preserve/restore natural ecosystems

77
Q

Humans can’t function without

A

Biodiversity’s benefit and

78
Q

Primary causes of biodiversity loss

A

Habitat alteration, pollution, over harvesting, invasive species, and climate change

79
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of life and at all levels of organization (ie species diversity, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity)

80
Q

Species Diversity

A

The number/variety of species in a particular region

81
Q

Species

A

A ser of individuals that share certain characteristics and can interbreed producing fertile offspring

82
Q

Richness

Ever ness

A

Number of species; the extent of which species differ in number of individuals

83
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

Encompasses differences in DNA among individuals

84
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

The number and variety of ecosystems (aka community/habitat diversity
Includes habitats, communities, or ecosystems at the landscape level

85
Q

Out of estimated _ to _ million species on Earth, only _ million have been described

A

3; 10; 1.9

86
Q

The most widely accepted number of species is _ million

A

14

87
Q

Industrial agriculture ______

A

Has narrowed our diet

88
Q

What percentage of our food comes from _ crop and _ livestock species

A

90%; 15; 8

89
Q

Wild strains provide _

A

Disease resistance

90
Q

Many drugs come from

A

Wild plants

91
Q

Drugs from wild plants _

A

Treat cancer, stomach disorders, motion sickness, etc

92
Q

Wild species produce up to $_ billion/yr of drugs that save lives

A

150

93
Q

Biodiversity provides what ecosystem services

A 
Provides food, fuel, and shelter
Purifies air and water
Detoxifies/decomposes waste
Stabilizes climate
Moderates floods/droughts/temp.
Cycles nutrients/renews soil fertility 
Pollinates plants 
Controls pests and disease
Maintains genetic resources 
Provides cultural/aesthetic benefits 
Allows us to adapt to change
94
Q

Florida is _ in nation for honey bees

A

3rd

95
Q

How many registered bee keepers are in the state of Fl

A

3000

96
Q

How many bee inspectors are in Fl

A

3

97
Q

Pollinators are responsible for

A

1/3 of all food in grocery stores

98
Q

Products of hive

A 
Honey
Prepolis
Wax
Pollen
Bee venom
Mead
99
Q

There are around _ -_ bees in a hive in spring/summer and _-_bees in hive in winter/fall

A

40,000;60,000;15,000;

30,000

100
Q

1 in ecotourism

A

Costa Rica

101
Q

Biophilia

A

Love for plants

102
Q

Nurse bee

A

Takes care of hive

103
Q

What do bees transport pollen in?

A

In basket hairs behind hind legs

104
Q

1 lb of wax makes __ lbs of honey

A

18

EVR1001C (11 decks)

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