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EVR1001C > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Hydraulic fracturing is also called

A

hydrofracking or fracking

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2
Q

What is the hydraulic fracturing process

A

Drilling deep into the earth and then angling the drill horizontally once it meets shale formation; electric charges create fractures in the shale; then a slurry of water, sand, and chemicals is pumped in; sand lodges in the fractures and holds them open as some liquid returns to the surface, including natural gas

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3
Q

Hydraulic fracturing is used to

A

extract natural gas trapped in shale deposits deep underground

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4
Q

Why were Dimock, PA, residents happy to allow Cabot Oil and Gas Corporation to drill for natural gas at first?

A

They were to receive royalties on gas sells &

Job opportunities increased

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5
Q

Many residents started having second thoughts about the drilling. Why?

A

Drinking water turned brown, gray, or cloudy
Strange chemical smells from their wells
A well exploded because of methane buildup

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6
Q

What were the resulting events from the drilling in Dimock, PA?

A
  • Cabot, local political leaders, and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) would not listen to residents’ concerns
  • News media picked up the story
  • Documentary filmmaker Josh Fox produced the 2010 film Gasland and won numerous awards
  • Finally, Pennsylvania DEP fined Cabot and required them to pay for hauling in clean drinking water
  • However, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Corbett ordered an end to the water shipments
  • U.S. EPA found that 5 of 64 wells tested were contaminated with chemicals that could threaten health
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7
Q

Most of Earth’s energy comes from the sun such as:

A

Solar, wind, hydroelectric, photosynthesis, biomass

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8
Q

We use ___________ in our homes, machinery, and vehicles and in products that provide comfort and conveniences.

A

energy

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9
Q

What are some non-renewable energy sources?

A

crude oil
natural gas
coal
nuclear energy

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10
Q

What are some renewable energy sources?

A 
biomass energy
hydropower
solar energy
wind energy
geothermal energy
tidal and wave energy
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11
Q

Fossil fuel extracted from ground(liquid)

A

Crude oil

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12
Q

Fossil fuel extracted from ground(gas)

A

Natural gas

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13
Q

Fossil fuel extracted from ground(solid)

A

Coal

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14
Q

Energy from atomic nuclei of uranium

A

Nuclear energy

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15
Q

Energy stored in plant matter from photosynthesis

A

Biomass energy

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16
Q

Energy from running water

A

Hydropower

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17
Q

Energy from sunlight directly

A

Solar energy

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18
Q

Energy from wind

A

Wind energy

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19
Q

Earth’s internal heat rising from core

A

Geothermal energy

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20
Q

Energy from tides and ocean waves

A

Tidal and wave energy

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21
Q

We rely mostly on what for energy?

A

Fossil fuels

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22
Q

Highly combustible substances from the remains of organisms from past geologic ages are called?

A

Fossil fuels

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23
Q

Fossil fuels provide most of our energy for:

A

Transportation, heating, cooking

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24
Q

Easy to transfer and have lots of uses

A

Electricity

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25
Q

Annual global consumption of ______________________ has risen greatly over the past half-century.

A

Fossil fuels

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26
Q

Oil, coal, natural gas are all what?

A

Fossil fuels

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27
Q

Across the world today, over 80% of our energy and 2/3 of our electricity come from:

A

Coal, oil, and natural gas

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28
Q
  • Once depleted, it cannot be renewed
  • Includes oil, coal, natural gas
  • We will use up earth’s accessible store in decades to centuries
  • to replenish the fossil fuels we have depleted so far would take millions of years
A

Non-renewable energy

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29
Q
  • Supplies are not depleted by our use

- Includes sunlight, geothermal energy, and tidal energy

A

Renewable energy

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30
Q

_________________________ Is helping to obtain less accessible deposits

A

Hydraulic fracturing

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31
Q

Energy is _______________ Distributed

A

Unevenly

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32
Q

Some regions of the globe have substantial reserves of _______, _____________, & _________________ where as others have very few.

A

Oil, coal, and natural gas

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33
Q

Nations with the largest proven reserves of oil

A

Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran, Iraq

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34
Q

Nations with the largest proven reserves of natural gas

A

Iran, Russia, Qatar, Turkmenistan, United States

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35
Q

Nations with the largest proven reserves of coal

A

United States, Russia, China, Australia, India

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36
Q

What country has the largest percentage of oil reserves?

A

Venezuela 17.7%

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37
Q

Which country has the largest amount of natural gas reserves?

A

Iran 18.2%

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38
Q

What country has the largest amount of coal reserves?

A

United States 26.6%

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39
Q

It takes _____________ to make energy.

A

Energy

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40
Q

To harness, extract, process, and deliver energy requires substantial inputs of energy such as:

A

Powerful machinery, vehicles, storage tanks, pipelines, etc.

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41
Q

The difference between costs in energy invested and benefits of energy received is called what?

A

Net energy

Net energy = energy returned - energy invested

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42
Q

EROI stands for what?

A

Energy returned on investment

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43
Q

Higher ratios mean we receive more energy than we ___________.

A

Invest

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44
Q

EROI ratios can __________.

A

Change

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45
Q

Do fossil fuels have a high or low EROI?

A

High

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46
Q

EROI ratios __________ when we extract the easiest deposits first.

A

Decline

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47
Q

When EROI ratios decline, we now must work harder to extract the remaining ___________.

A

Reserves

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48
Q

U.S _____________ & _______________ EROI Ratios have gone from 30:1 and 1950s to 11:1 today

A

Oil and natural gas

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49
Q

What type of environment is the following:

Little or no oxygen present
Deep lakes, swamps
Produces fossil fuels

A

Anaerobic environment

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50
Q

Fossil fuel’s we’re form from organisms that lived ________________________.

A

100-500 million years ago

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51
Q

How is coal formed?

A

It is formed from organic matter (plants) placed under high-pressure

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52
Q

The worlds most abundant fossil fuel is ________ And was created 300 to 400 million years ago

A

Coal

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53
Q

Strip mining of coal

A

For deposits near the surface

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54
Q

Subsurface mining of coal

A

For deposits deep underground

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55
Q

Mountaintop removal of coal

A

Entire mountain tops are cut off, environmentally distructive, common and the Appalachian Mountains

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56
Q

Crude oil is made of?

A

Liquid made of Hydrocarbons

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57
Q

Petroleum is made of?

A

Natural gas plus oil

Formed from organic material (plankton) in coastal marine waters

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58
Q

Biogenic gas is created?

A

In shallow water by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by bacteria

Swamp gas, landfill gas

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59
Q

Thermogenic gas is formed?

A

Deep underground

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60
Q

Natural gas is mainly __________.

A

Methane(CH4)

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61
Q

Oil sands(tar sands) Are made up of what?

A
  • Sand deposits with bitumen
  • A form of petroleum rich and carbon, poor in hydrogen
  • degraded and chemically altered crude oil deposits
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62
Q

What country has 47.4% coal production and 50.3% coal consumption?

A

China

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63
Q

What country has 13.1 oil production and what country has 19.9% oil consumption?

A

Production – Saudi Arabia

Consumption – United States

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64
Q

What country has 12.9% coal production and 11.9% coal consumption?

A

U.S

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65
Q

What country has 12.9% oil production and what country has 12.1% oil consumption?

A

Production – Russia

Consumption – China

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66
Q

What country has 20.6% natural gas production and 22.2% natural gas consumption?

A

U.S

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67
Q

What country has 17.9% natural gas production and 12.3% natural gas consumption?

A

Russia

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68
Q

Once it is extracted, oil is ____________.

Hydrocarbons are sorted for different uses

A

Refined

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69
Q

Oil is used for:

A

Fuel, lubricating oils, asphalt, and precursors of plastics and other petrochemical products

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70
Q

How are oil sands/tar sands removed?

A

They are removed by strip mining or deep underground extraction

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71
Q

____________ has been used for thousands of years to cook, he homes, and fire pottery.

________ fired steam engines power factories, trains, chips, and industrial furnaces.

_________ fired power plants convert water to steam.

A

Coal

Coal

Coal

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72
Q

Used to generate electricity in power plants, heat, and cook in homes

A

Natural gas

73
Q

What is liquefied natural gas and how is it transported?

A

Gas converted to liquid

It is shipped in refrigerated tankers

74
Q

Used to fuel vehicles(gasoline, diesel, jet fuel)

A

Oil

75
Q

How many years of oil do we have left?

A

About 53 years

76
Q

Liquefied natural gas emits 1/2 as much _______ as coal, 2/3 as much as oil

A

CO2

77
Q

__________________ Based products include lubricants, fabrics, pharmaceuticals

A

Petroleum

78
Q

Geologist M. King Hubbard predicted that US oil production would peak around 1970 (termed Hubbards peak).

Was his production accurate?

A

His protection was accurate and US production continues to fall

79
Q

Discoveries of new oil fields peaked ______ years ago and we are using more oil than we are discovering.

A

30

80
Q

“The long emergency”

  • lacking cheap oil to transport goods, our economies collapse and become localized
  • Large cities will have to have urban agriculture
  • Fewer petroleum based fertilizers and pesticides would mean increase and hunger

More optimistic observers
-Argue that as supplies dwindle, conservation and alternative energies will kick in

These are all possible future affects of what?

A

Oil use

81
Q

Mountaintop removal mining has brought _________ Extraction to a whole new level.

A

Coal

82
Q
  • Makes mining economically efficient
  • Safer than subsurface mining because of fewer accidents and health risks
  • however, it can cause staggering volumes of rock and soil to slide down slope
A

Massive scale mountaintop removal mining

83
Q

Massive scale mountaintop removal mining can cause staggering volumes of rock and soil to slide downslope. What are the issues with this?

A
  • destroys entire hillsides
  • pollutes or buries streams
  • Destroys large areas of habitat
84
Q

______________________ forms when rain water and oxygen react with newly exposed rock containing sulfide minerals.

Coal dust pollution occurs along _______________________.

A

Sulfuric acid

Transport routes

85
Q

How does Hydraulic fracturing expand our access to oil and gas?

A

Unlocking formally and accessible deposits of shell gas and tight oil, Hydrofracturing has ignited a boom an extraction and the US

86
Q

An abundance of natural gas has led to what?

A

It has enabled many power plants to switch from coal to natural gas

US carbon dioxide emissions have fallen since 2007

87
Q

35% of oil and 10% of natural gas extracted in the US today come from offshore sites in the _________________ and Southern California.

A

Gulf of Mexico

88
Q

Deep _______________ drilling is boosting oil and gas production.

A

Offshore

89
Q

In 2008, ________________ lifted a moratorium on offshore drilling and opened up most of US coast for drilling.

A

Congress

90
Q

The public’s reaction to the ______________________________spill forced Obama to backtrack.

A

Deep water horizon’s

91
Q

What did the government do after the deep water horizon spill?

A

Cancelled drilling permits until new safety measures were devised

92
Q

What did the Deepwater Horizon’s spill show?

A

It showed that offshore drilling is very dangerous-largest spill ever

93
Q

What do all of the following have in common?

  • Countless animals such as birds, shrimp, fish, etc. died
  • Coastal marsh plants died, leading to erosion
  • Fisheries were devastated, and fisherman lost jobs
  • tourism suffered
  • Economic and social impacts will last for years
A

Impacts the Gulf of Mexico has suffered because of the Deepwater horizon’s spill

94
Q

______________ continue to clean the Gulf Oil spill.

A

People

95
Q

_________________ Continue to conduct a wide range of scientific studies to determine long-term impacts of the Gulf oil spill.

A

Researchers

96
Q

During the Gulf oil spill, how many barrels of oil leaked per day?

A

62,000

97
Q

Melting ice in the Arctic is opening up new ____________________.

A

Shipping lanes

because nations want to get to oil and gas deposits

98
Q

The following are severe pollution risks caused by what?

Icebergs, pack ice, storms, cold, and winter darkness will hamper response efforts

Frigid water temperatures will slow the natural breakdown of the oil

A

Oil spill

99
Q

A proposed expansion of this pipeline will provide jobs, but will cause more deforestation.

What is this pipeline called?

A

Keystone pipeline

100
Q

TransCanada corporation built a __________ mile pipeline to transfer diluted bitumen to Illinois and Oklahoma.

A

2200

101
Q

Technologies, equipment, and approaches to remove chemical contaminants while generating electricity from coal is called what?

A

Clean coal technologies

102
Q

Some clean coal technologies consist of:

A

Scrubbers chemically convert or remove pollutants

Coal that contains a lot of water can be dried

Gasification – coal is converted into cleaner synthesis gas/syngas which can be used to turn a gas or steam turbine

103
Q

_________________________ have reduced pollution, but clean coal is still a dirty way to generate power

A

Clean coal technologies

104
Q

Even very clean coal releases ________________________.

A

Greenhouse gases

105
Q

Captures CO2 emissions, converts the gas to a liquid, and stores it underground or in the ocean.

What is this called?

A

Carbon capture and carbon storage (sequestration)

106
Q

Carbon capture and storage schemes propose to __________________________________.

A

Inject liquefied carbon dioxide emissions underground

107
Q

Oil companies provide jobs for millions. How many people work in the Gulf of Mexico alone?

A

107,000

But more people work in tourism, service jobs, and fishing jobs.

108
Q

Why don’t citizens in developing nations benefit from drilling?

A
  • Corporations pay off the governments
  • Few environmental or health regulations exist
  • many people still live in poverty, without water or electricity
109
Q

Nations importing fossil fuels are vulnerable to supplies becoming unavailable or costly because?

A

Seller nations control prices, causing panic

110
Q

What country has the highest oil consumption?

A

US

111
Q

Downsides of Fossil fuel extraction for residents include:

A

Pollution from shale gas drilling creates external costs, such as having to find a drinkable water when water becomes contaminated

112
Q

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita 2005 destroyed offshore platforms, causing oil and gas prices to ____________.

A

Spike

113
Q

The politically volatile ________________________ has the majority of oil reserves causing a constant concern for the US.

A

Middle east

114
Q

Following the 1973 oil embargo, the US enacted policies to reduce its dependence on _______________________.

A

Foreign oil

115
Q

The following are what kind of policies?

  • Established a one-month emergency stock pile of oil
  • capped the price domestic producers could charge
  • funded research into renewable energy sources
  • Enacted conservation measures
  • urged secondary extraction at old oil wells
  • called for development of more domestic sources
A

Policies to reduce dependence on foreign oil

116
Q

Many want drilling in ____________________________, but drilling won’t help much and will destroy the nations last wilderness.

A

Arctic national wildlife refuge

117
Q

US imports more oil from:

A

Non-middle eastern countries

118
Q

Obtaining a given amount of output, while using less energy input

Results from technological improvements

A

Energy efficiency

119
Q

The practice of reducing energy use

Efficiency is one way toward conservation

A

Energy conservation

120
Q

We can extend our non-renewable energy supplies by:

A

Be less wasteful and reduce our environmental impact

121
Q

_______________________ Uses far more energy per person then people in most other nations

A

United States

122
Q

The United States has cut its energy intensity in 1/2 since ____________.

A

1950

123
Q

Cars and power plants lose 2/3 of energy as ___________________.

A

Waste heat

124
Q

Excess heat produced during electrical generation can heat buildings or produce other power.

It can double the efficiency of a power plant

A

Cogeneration

125
Q

Improvements can reduce energy to heat and cool buildings such as:

A

Passive solar, insulation, plants, roof color

126
Q

CAFE standards mandate higher fuel efficiency in cars.

In 2007, Congress mandated that cars must get ________ mpg by 2020.

A

35

127
Q

Fuel efficiencies fell from ____ mpg in 1984 to ______ mpg in 2004.

A

22

19.3

128
Q

Nuclear energy occupies an odd and conflicted position in our debate over energy.

It is free of air pollution produced by fossil fuels, yet it’s promise has been clouded by:

A

Weaponry, waste disposal, and accidents

129
Q

Public safety concerns have led to limit development of ____________________.

A

Nuclear power

130
Q

The US generates the most electricity from nuclear power.

But only _____% of US electricity comes from nuclear power

France gets _______% of it’s electricity from nuclear power.

A

20

75

131
Q

The energy that holds protons and neutrons together within the nucleus of an atom is called:

A

Nuclear energy

132
Q

The splitting apart of atomic nuclei

The reaction that drives the release of nuclear energy in power plants

A

Nuclear fission

133
Q

Neutrons can hit other atoms, causing a:

A

Chain reaction

134
Q

An uncontrolled chain reaction can cause an _______________ – nuclear power plants control fission

A

Explosion

135
Q

A substance (water or graphite) that slows the neutrons bombarding uranium

Allow fission to begin in a nuclear reactor

Excess neutrons must be soaked up

A

A moderator

136
Q

A metallic alloy that absorbs neutrons

Placed into the reactor with the water-bathed fuel rods

Are moved into and out of the water to control the rate of the reaction

A

Control rods

137
Q

_______________ atoms are radioactive and emit high-energy radiation as they decay into daughter cells

A

Uranium’s

138
Q

Uranium ore is uncommon and _______________.

A

Finite

139
Q

Over 99% of uranium occurs as ________________.

A

Uranium – 238

140
Q

Uranium 238 does not emit enough ______________ for a chain reaction.

A

Neutrons

141
Q

Uranium-238 must be processed enriched into _____________

A

Uranium-235

142
Q

Uranium 238 is formed into pellets (UO2) and put into _________________

A

Fuel rods

143
Q

Spent fuel from nuclear energy can be reprocessed, but it is expensive so it is disposed of as _________________________.

A

Radioactive waste

144
Q

Nuclear power helps us avoid emitting 2.5 million metric tons(___%) of carbon dioxide per year

A

7%

145
Q

How do power plants pose fewer health risks from pollution?

A

They are safer for workers than coal fired plants

146
Q

Less uranium needs to be mined, damaging less _____________.

A

Land

147
Q

What are the downsides of nuclear power?

A

Disposal of radioactive waste is challenging and if an accident or sabotage occurs, the consequences can be catastrophic

148
Q

3 mile Island in Pennsylvania in 1979 was the most serious _________________________ accident in the US

A

Nuclear power

149
Q
  • Coolant water drained from the reactor
  • Temperatures rose inside the reactor core
  • Melting the metal surrounding the fuel rods
  • Releasing radiation
  • Which was trapped inside the containment building
  • Cleanup cost billions and took years
A

3 mile Island “Meltdown”

150
Q

The explosion at the Chernobyl plant in Ukraine happened in ________.

A

1986

151
Q

The 3 mile Island “Meltdown” was due to:

A

Mechanical failure and human error

152
Q

__________________ was the most severe nuclear plant accident that has ever occurred and was due to human error and unsafe design

A

Chernobyl

153
Q

During the Chernobyl “Meltdown”, for ______ days radiation escaped while crews tried to put out the fires.

A

10

154
Q

How many residents were evacuated during the Chernobyl accident?

A

More than 100,000 residents were evacuated

155
Q

The Chernobyl accident killed _______ people directly

A

31

156
Q

______ miles surrounding landscape still remain contaminated from the Chernobyl accident.

A

19

157
Q

On March 11, 2011, a _____ magnitude earthquake struck Japan, causing an immense tsunami.

A

9.0

158
Q

The earthquake and tsunami in Japan killed _____________ people and flooded the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant.

A

23,000

159
Q

During the Fukushima Daiichi “Meltdown”, ______ reactors had full meltdowns.

A

3

160
Q

During Fukushima, radiation was released at levels equal to _________________.

A

Chernobyl’s

161
Q

Trace amounts of radiation were detected ___________________ after Fukushima.

A

Around the world

162
Q

____________________ is still being released from Fukushima.

A

Radioactivity

163
Q

Could the Fukushima disaster have been prevented?

A

Yes, it could have been prevented, generators should not be put in basements

164
Q

Radioactive materials can be stolen and used by ________________.

A

Terrorists

  • especially in poor nations of the former Soviet Union
  • hundreds of former nuclear sites have gone without adequate security for years
165
Q

Despite safer designs, accidents and human errors will occur when using ____________ energy

A

Nuclear

166
Q

The ____________ is buying up some of the radioactive material and is using this material to produce power.

A

U.S

167
Q

The US stores nuclear waste at more than 120 sites in _____ states

A

39

168
Q

It is enormously expensive to build, maintain, operate, and ensure the safety of ____________ facilities

A

Nuclear

-Decommissioning plants is even more expensive

169
Q

Plants serve less than ______ their expected lifetimes

A

1/2

170
Q

Costs to generate ___________ electricity are higher than from coal and other sources

A

Nuclear

  • governments must subsidize nuclear power
  • But some people advocate more nuclear power with safer reactors
171
Q

Yucca mountain, Nevada was chosen to store radioactive waste.

How much money was spent on its development?

A

$13 billion

-President Obama’s administration ended support for it

172
Q

Why was Yucca Mountain selected as the waste site for radioactive waste?

A

Because it’s remote and unpopulated

  • It has a deep water table and isolated aquifer
  • It’s on federal land and can be protected
173
Q

_______________________ of radioactive waste is subject to accidents or sabotage

A

Transportation

174
Q

____________________ Helped build our complex industrialized societies

A

Fossil fuels

175
Q

We are now approaching a turning point in history because ________________ production will begin to decline

A

Fossil fuel

176
Q

We can encourage conservation and alternative energies or we can wait until fossil fuels are ____________.

A

Depleted

177
Q

__________________ Energy showed promise, but high costs and public fear stalled it’s growth

A

Nuclear

178
Q

We need to turn to _________________ energy sources

A

Renewable

EVR1001C (11 decks)

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