Chapter 9 Flashcards
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transformed from one kind to another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
One useable form of energy cannot be completely converted to another usable form. In energy transaction, useful energy decreases
Autotrophs
Self - Feeders - Producers
Make their own organic matters from inorganic nurtients. Includes plants, algae, certain bacteria
Heterotrophs
Other-Feeders-Consmers
Cannot make organic molecules from inorganic one. Eat plants or other animals
Waste Products of cellular respiration
CO2 and H20
Ingredients for photosynthesis ..
CO2 and H20
Equation for Cellular Respiration
Glucose + Oxygen –> CO2 + H20 + ATP
Cellular Respiration is Exergonic
where change in free nergy is negative. NET, release of energy. Photosynthesis is Endergonic (Requires energy)
Oxidation
The loss of electrons during a redox reaction
Reduction
The acceptance of electrons during a redox reaction
During cellular respiration
Glucose is oxidized… CO2
Oxygen is reduced.. H2O
Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transfered to
NAD+, a coenzyme
NADH passes the electrons to the …
electron transport chain
Steps of Celular Respiration
Glycolysis
Citric Acid
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Glycolysis Simple Definition
Breaks down the glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
Citric Acid Simple Definition
Completes the breakdown of glucose
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Amounts for the most of the ATP synthesis.
Amount Oxidative Phosphorylation accounts for.
Accounts for 90% of ATP generated by cellular respiration
Stage 1 Glycolysis
Uses two ATP per glucose to split six-carbon glucose.
Makes four additional ATP directly when enzymes transfer phoshphates group from fuel molecules to ADP
Net Production during Glycolysis?
Produces net of two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule
Glycolysis is anaerobic or aerobic?
Anaerobic
Glycolysis and Hydrogen atoms
Hydrogen atoms picked up by NAD+ –> NADH + H+
2NAD+ –> NADH + 2H+
2NADH –> ETC –> 5 ATP
Net gain/glucose for Glycolysis
2 Pyruvates + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
Transition Reaction; Pyruvate converted to..
2 Carbon Acetyl Group and 2CO2
Activated acetyl group picked up by another coenzyme called..
Coenzyme A and Acetyl-CoA forms
Citric acid extracts the energy of sugar by..
breaking the pyruvate molecules all the way down to CO2
Cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate generating..
1ATP, 3NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn
For 2 turns of the Citric Acid Cycle, it generates
4 CO2
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
How is citrate formed and in what stage?
The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, occurs during Citric Acid Cycle
Summary of Citric Acid Pathway
2 CO2 Released
1 ATP synthesized by SLP
1 Hydrogen –> 3 NADH + FADH
ETC –> 2.5 x 3 ATP + 1 x 1.5 ATP via ETC
Where is the ETC located?
Located inside of the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria
The electrons are passed from one carrier to another and energy is released..
pumping protons into the mitochondria inter membrane space
Stage 3 - Electron Transport
Electrons drop in free energy, passed to O2, and form H2O. Proton Pump - Proton Motive force is formed
Chemiosmosis
Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. h+ then moves back, and ATP synthase uses exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP
The purpose of Chemiosmosis is
to have the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence
Glucose –> NADH –> Electron Transport Chain –> Proton-Motive Force –> ATP
1 NADH =
2.5 ATP
1 FADH =
1.5 ATP
Direct amount from Glyolysis?
2 ATP
ETC Amount from Glycolysis
2 NADH = 5 ATP
ETC Amount from Pruvate Ox
2 NADH = 5 ATP
CAC + ETC Direct Amount
2 ATP
CAC + ETC, ETC Amount
6 NADH = 15 ATP
2 FADH2 = 3 ATP
Subtotal Direct ATP
4 ATP
Subtotal ETC
28 ATP
Grand Total ATP
32 ATP
Results of Cellular Respiration?
Cellular Respiration can generate up to 32 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose
What happens when the electron transport is interrupted?
Cyanide binds to protein complexes
Prevents passage of electrons to oxygen
Stops ATP Production
Without Oxygen, how is ATP made?
Glycolysis couples with anaerobic respiration or fermentation to produce ATP
Fermentation
Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis
Two types of Fermentation?
Alcohol Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
What does Fermentation rely on?
Not having oxygen and Glycolysis
Why does Fermentation rely on Glycolysis when there is no oxygen?
Glycolysis does not require oxygen
Produces only 2 ATP molecules for each glucose broken down to pyruvic acid
Alcoholic Fermentation
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps.
First Step of Alcoholic Fermentation
First step releases CO2
Second step of Alcoholic Fermentation
Second step produces Ethanol
How is Lactic Acid Produced?
When microbes break down carbohydrates – > Lactic Acid
How much ATP is produced in Cellular Respiration vs Fermentation?
32 ATP vs 2 ATP
Probiotics
Microbes when consumed provide health benefits
Create balance of different types of bacteria in the gut
Rennet
Used in coagulation of milk, a complex of enzymes produced in stomach of ruminant mammals which is used in production of most cheeses
Chymosin
Is protease enzyme that curdles the casein in milk helping young mammals digest their mother’s milk!
