Chapter 6 Flashcards
Light Microscope
Enlargement provided by objective lens and ocular glass lenses
Illumination provided by light
Transmission Electron Microscope
Illumination provided by electron beam
Electrons produced by heat
Beam passes through specimen
Observation made under Vacum
Scanning Electron Microscope
Electrons do not pass through specimen
3D Image
Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria and Archaea
Smaller, Simpler.
Do not have membrane enclosed organelles
Eukaryotic Cells
Protists, Plants, Fungi, and Animal
Contains a system of membranous organelles
Cytoskeleton
Unlike Animal Cells, Plant Cells have
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis
Celulose
Chloroplasts
Convert light energy to the chemical energy of food in the process of photosynthesis
Cellulose
Protective cell walls, maintain shape and prevents cells from absorbing too much water
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane
Pores in nucleus..
allow materials to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm selectively
Nucleolus Information and Function
Nucleolus located in Nucleus; where ribosome precursors are assembled.
Chromatin
Stored in the nucleus are long DNA molecules and are associated with proteins that form this
Nucleosome
Unit of DNA packaging
Chromsome
Each long chromatin fiber constitutes one chromosome
Ribosomes information
Protein synthesizing machines of cells
Ribosomes are partially assembled in the nucleolus and completely in cytoplasm
mRNA
DNa programs protein production in the cytoplasm by transforming its coded information into this
Ribosome and mRNA
Ribosome moves along the mRNA , translating the genetic message into a protein with specific amino acid
Endomembrane System
Interconnected directly by their membranes or by transfer of membrane segments between them
Rough ER
Refers to ribosomes that stuf the outside of this portion of the ER membrane
Ribosomes on Rough ER..
Produce membrane proteins and secretory proteins
Smooth ER
Lack surface ribosomes
Produce lipids, including steroids
Helps liver cells detoxify
Golgi Apparatus
Works in partnership with the ER
Reeives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of cell
Lysosome
Is a membrane-bound sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells. Absent from plant cells.
Enzymes in a lysosome can break down large molecules such as..
proteins
Polysaccharides
fats
nucleic acids
Lysosomes engulf..
nutrients in tiny cytoplasmic sacs called food vacuoles
Peroxisomes
Bounded by a single bi-lipid layer membrane
Peroxisomes Functions
Contains enzymes for.. breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of substances
Vacuoles; Central Vacuoles
Store Organic Nutrients
Break down Waste
ABsorb Water
Two organelles act as cellular power stations
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
Mitochondira
Organelles of cellular respiration
Found in eukaryotic cells and produce ATP
What cells contain their own DNA?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, encodes some of their proteins
Endosymbiont Theory
Postulates that mitochondria & chloroplasts were one free living prokaryotes that became incorporateed into eukaryotic cells established a symbiotic relationship
Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mom’s mitochondria are passed fro generation to generation. You do not inherit any of dads mitochondria.
Chloroplasts contain…
the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis
Cytoskeletons Functions
Mechanical Support
Shape
Movement
Cytoskeleton; Microtubules
Straight and hollow tubes that guide the movement of organelles and chromosomes
Intermediate Filaments and Microfilaments
These are thinner and solid
Extracellular Matrix
Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by that
What is the ECM made up of?
Collagen, Proteoglycans, and fibronectin
Integrins
ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane
