Chapter 5 Flashcards
The four categories of Large Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates Functions
Dietary Energy; Storage; Plant Structure
Carbohydrates Examples
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides Examples
Glucose, Fructose
Disaccharides Examples
Lactose, Sucrose
Polysaccharides Examples
Starch, Cellulose
Lipid Functions
Long-Term Energy Storage (Fats)
Hormones (Steroids)
Lipids Examples
Fats (Triglycerides)
Steroids (Testosterone, Estrogen)
Proteins Examples
Enzymes, Structure, Storage, Contraction, Transport
Proteins Examples
Lactase (An Enzyme)
Hemoglobin (A transport Protein)
Nucleic Acids Functions
Information Storage
Nucleic Acid Examples
DNA, RNA
Large Macromolecules formed by
Smaller monomers by the process of condensation
Most macro molecules are..
polymers
Polymers are made by…
stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers
A dehydration reaction
Links two monomers together
Removes molecule of water
Forms polymer
A hydrolysis reactions
adds a molecule of water and reverses the dehydration reaction
Carbohydrate Examples
Small Sugar molecules in energy drinks
Long starch molecules in spaghetti and French Fries
“Comfort Foods”
Carbohydrates in animals
Primary source of energy (ATP). Dietary Energy and Storage Energy
Carbohydrates in Plants
Building Material (Strength) and Storage Energy
Cellular Respiration Equation
Glucose + Oxygen –> ATP + CO2 + Water
Disaccharides Description
Double sugars formed by a dehydration reaction. Monomers joined by glycosidic bonds
Disaccharides Examples
Lactose In Milk
Maltose In Beer
Malted Milkshakes
Malted Milk Ball Candy and Sucrose In Table Sugar
Sucrose is..
the main carbohydrate in plant sap
Taste Receptor Information
The better a molecule fits into the sweet sensing receptors, the sweeter it will be. Artifical Sweeteners are designed to fit better with receptors
Polysaccharides in Animals
Storage; Glycogen made up of glucose molecules in C1-4 (Linear) and C1-C6 (branch)
Polysaccharides in Plants; Storage Energy
Storage Energy; Starch made of Amylose (Linear C1-4 arrangements coiled in alpha helix
Polysaccharides in Plants; Strength
Cellulose is made of a linear C1-4 a and C1-4 Beta arrangement
Some of fats functions include
Energy Storage Cushioning Insulation Membranes Hormones
Fats consist of a
Glycerol Molecule (Hydrophilic Head) Joined with three fatty acid molecules (hydrophobic tail)
Hydrophobic Definition
Fear water
Hydrophillic Definition
Want water
Carbon Skeleton is unsaturated if..
it has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens
Carbon skeleton saturated if..
it has the maximum number of hydrogens
A saturated fat has..
No double bonds
All three of its fatty acids saturated
Most animal fats..
have high proportion of saturated fatty acids. Can easily stack, solid at room temperature.
Atherosclerosis
Lipid-containing plaques build up along inside walls of blood vessels. Results in Strokes, Heart Attacks
Most plant and fish oils tend to be..
High in unsaturated fatty acids
Liquid at room tempterature
Hydrogenation
Adds hydrogen and converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats, liquids become solid at room temperature, and creates trans fat
Steroids Structure and Function
Skeleton bent to form four fused rings
Synthetic Anabolic Steroids
Variants of testosterone
Prescribed to treat diseases such as cancer and aids
1 gram of carbohydrates stores how many calories
4
1 gram of fat stores how many calories
9
How many essential and non essential amino acids
9 Essential Amino Acids
11 Non-Essential Amino Acids
Each amino acid consists of a…
central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners
Four partners that amino acids bonds to?
A carboxyl Group
An Amino Group
A hydrogen group
A unique R Group
Cells link amino acids together to..
by dehydration reactions
forming peptide bonds
creating long chains called polypeptides
Primary Structure
Unique sequence of amino acids arranged in a long chain
Secondary Structure
Affected by pattern of hydrogen bonds between amino acids in a long chain
Secondary Structure; Alpha Helix
Hydrogen bonds join the NH group in one peptide bond and the CO group nearby
Secondary Structure; Secondary Structure
Joining of the same NH and CO bond but amino acids involved are either on different chains or in segments of same chain that bend bank.
Teritary Structure
Dicated by primary and secondary structure folding leading to 3D shape
Teritary Structure Interaction Bonds
Ionic bonds between R groups with + and - charges
Hydrogen bonds between r groups with + and - charges
Disulfide Bonds
Hydrophobic Interaction happens
Quaternary Structure
Made up of several polypeptide chains that must fit together to form a functional protein .
Quaternary Structure Example
Hemoglobin
What happens protein shape?
Temperature or pH can cause denaturation of a protein.
Enzyme
Protein that acts as a catalysts.
Increases rate of reaction, lower energy of activation.
React with substrates
Inhibitors
Decrease reaction rate
Competitive Inhibition
Compounds similar in shape to the Substrate. The inhibitor competes with the substrate by binding to the active site on the enzyme, displacing the substrate
pH
Most enzymes work best around pH of 7.
Temperature
Increased rate of reaction leads to denaturation
Denaturation
Destruction of 3D structure of enzyme. However, there are enzymes that work at very high temperature.
Hormone or Endocrine Disrupters
Endocrine Disruptors are similar in shape to estrogen and may interfere with the bodys endorcirine system and produce adverse developmetal, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife.
Misfolded proteins are responsible for..
Alzheimers Disease Mad Cow Disease Parkinsons Disease Sickle Cell Anemia Cystic Fibrosis
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
DNA and RNA function
Information Storage
Gene
Specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
Nucleic acids are..
Polymers made from monomers called nucleotides
Nucleotides have three pats
Five carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen Containing Base
Nucleid Acid Dehydration Reactions
Link nucleotide monomers into long chain called polynucleotides
Form covalent bonds between sugar of one nucleotide and phosphate of the next
Double Helix
When two strands (Watson & Crick) of DNA join together to form a double helix
A only pairs with …
T
G only pairs with…
C
RNA has how many strands?
Single
In RNA, Rhymine is replaced by
Uracil
Bioinformatics
Uses computer software and other computational tools to deal with the data resulting from sequencing many genomes
Genomics
Analyzing large sets of genes or even comparing whole genomes of different species
Proteomics
A similar analysis of large sets of proteins including their sequences
