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BIOL-L 112 Exam 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The four categories of Large Biological Molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

Carbohydrates Functions

A

Dietary Energy; Storage; Plant Structure

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3
Q

Carbohydrates Examples

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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4
Q

Monosaccharides Examples

A

Glucose, Fructose

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5
Q

Disaccharides Examples

A

Lactose, Sucrose

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6
Q

Polysaccharides Examples

A

Starch, Cellulose

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7
Q

Lipid Functions

A

Long-Term Energy Storage (Fats)

Hormones (Steroids)

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8
Q

Lipids Examples

A

Fats (Triglycerides)

Steroids (Testosterone, Estrogen)

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9
Q

Proteins Examples

A

Enzymes, Structure, Storage, Contraction, Transport

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10
Q

Proteins Examples

A

Lactase (An Enzyme)

Hemoglobin (A transport Protein)

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11
Q

Nucleic Acids Functions

A

Information Storage

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12
Q

Nucleic Acid Examples

A

DNA, RNA

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13
Q

Large Macromolecules formed by

A

Smaller monomers by the process of condensation

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14
Q

Most macro molecules are..

A

polymers

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15
Q

Polymers are made by…

A

stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers

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16
Q

A dehydration reaction

A

Links two monomers together
Removes molecule of water
Forms polymer

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17
Q

A hydrolysis reactions

A

adds a molecule of water and reverses the dehydration reaction

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18
Q

Carbohydrate Examples

A

Small Sugar molecules in energy drinks
Long starch molecules in spaghetti and French Fries
“Comfort Foods”

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19
Q

Carbohydrates in animals

A

Primary source of energy (ATP). Dietary Energy and Storage Energy

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20
Q

Carbohydrates in Plants

A

Building Material (Strength) and Storage Energy

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21
Q

Cellular Respiration Equation

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> ATP + CO2 + Water

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22
Q

Disaccharides Description

A

Double sugars formed by a dehydration reaction. Monomers joined by glycosidic bonds

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23
Q

Disaccharides Examples

A

Lactose In Milk
Maltose In Beer
Malted Milkshakes
Malted Milk Ball Candy and Sucrose In Table Sugar

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24
Q

Sucrose is..

A

the main carbohydrate in plant sap

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25
Q

Taste Receptor Information

A

The better a molecule fits into the sweet sensing receptors, the sweeter it will be. Artifical Sweeteners are designed to fit better with receptors

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26
Q

Polysaccharides in Animals

A

Storage; Glycogen made up of glucose molecules in C1-4 (Linear) and C1-C6 (branch)

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27
Q

Polysaccharides in Plants; Storage Energy

A

Storage Energy; Starch made of Amylose (Linear C1-4 arrangements coiled in alpha helix

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28
Q

Polysaccharides in Plants; Strength

A

Cellulose is made of a linear C1-4 a and C1-4 Beta arrangement

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29
Q

Some of fats functions include

A 
Energy Storage
Cushioning
Insulation
Membranes
Hormones
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30
Q

Fats consist of a

A 
Glycerol Molecule (Hydrophilic Head)
Joined with three fatty acid molecules (hydrophobic tail)
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31
Q

Hydrophobic Definition

A

Fear water

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32
Q

Hydrophillic Definition

A

Want water

33
Q

Carbon Skeleton is unsaturated if..

A

it has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens

34
Q

Carbon skeleton saturated if..

A

it has the maximum number of hydrogens

35
Q

A saturated fat has..

A

No double bonds

All three of its fatty acids saturated

36
Q

Most animal fats..

A

have high proportion of saturated fatty acids. Can easily stack, solid at room temperature.

37
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Lipid-containing plaques build up along inside walls of blood vessels. Results in Strokes, Heart Attacks

38
Q

Most plant and fish oils tend to be..

A

High in unsaturated fatty acids

Liquid at room tempterature

39
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Adds hydrogen and converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats, liquids become solid at room temperature, and creates trans fat

40
Q

Steroids Structure and Function

A

Skeleton bent to form four fused rings

41
Q

Synthetic Anabolic Steroids

A

Variants of testosterone

Prescribed to treat diseases such as cancer and aids

42
Q

1 gram of carbohydrates stores how many calories

A

4

43
Q

1 gram of fat stores how many calories

A

9

44
Q

How many essential and non essential amino acids

A

9 Essential Amino Acids

11 Non-Essential Amino Acids

45
Q

Each amino acid consists of a…

A

central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners

46
Q

Four partners that amino acids bonds to?

A

A carboxyl Group
An Amino Group
A hydrogen group
A unique R Group

47
Q

Cells link amino acids together to..

A

by dehydration reactions
forming peptide bonds
creating long chains called polypeptides

48
Q

Primary Structure

A

Unique sequence of amino acids arranged in a long chain

49
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Affected by pattern of hydrogen bonds between amino acids in a long chain

50
Q

Secondary Structure; Alpha Helix

A

Hydrogen bonds join the NH group in one peptide bond and the CO group nearby

51
Q

Secondary Structure; Secondary Structure

A

Joining of the same NH and CO bond but amino acids involved are either on different chains or in segments of same chain that bend bank.

52
Q

Teritary Structure

A

Dicated by primary and secondary structure folding leading to 3D shape

53
Q

Teritary Structure Interaction Bonds

A

Ionic bonds between R groups with + and - charges
Hydrogen bonds between r groups with + and - charges
Disulfide Bonds
Hydrophobic Interaction happens

54
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Made up of several polypeptide chains that must fit together to form a functional protein .

55
Q

Quaternary Structure Example

A

Hemoglobin

56
Q

What happens protein shape?

A

Temperature or pH can cause denaturation of a protein.

57
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein that acts as a catalysts.
Increases rate of reaction, lower energy of activation.
React with substrates

58
Q

Inhibitors

A

Decrease reaction rate

59
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

Compounds similar in shape to the Substrate. The inhibitor competes with the substrate by binding to the active site on the enzyme, displacing the substrate

60
Q

pH

A

Most enzymes work best around pH of 7.

61
Q

Temperature

A

Increased rate of reaction leads to denaturation

62
Q

Denaturation

A

Destruction of 3D structure of enzyme. However, there are enzymes that work at very high temperature.

63
Q

Hormone or Endocrine Disrupters

A

Endocrine Disruptors are similar in shape to estrogen and may interfere with the bodys endorcirine system and produce adverse developmetal, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife.

64
Q

Misfolded proteins are responsible for..

A 
Alzheimers Disease
Mad Cow Disease
Parkinsons Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia
Cystic Fibrosis
65
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA and RNA

66
Q

DNA and RNA function

A

Information Storage

67
Q

Gene

A

Specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

68
Q

Nucleic acids are..

A

Polymers made from monomers called nucleotides

69
Q

Nucleotides have three pats

A

Five carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen Containing Base

70
Q

Nucleid Acid Dehydration Reactions

A

Link nucleotide monomers into long chain called polynucleotides
Form covalent bonds between sugar of one nucleotide and phosphate of the next

71
Q

Double Helix

A

When two strands (Watson & Crick) of DNA join together to form a double helix

72
Q

A only pairs with …

A

T

73
Q

G only pairs with…

A

C

74
Q

RNA has how many strands?

A

Single

75
Q

In RNA, Rhymine is replaced by

A

Uracil

76
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Uses computer software and other computational tools to deal with the data resulting from sequencing many genomes

77
Q

Genomics

A

Analyzing large sets of genes or even comparing whole genomes of different species

78
Q

Proteomics

A

A similar analysis of large sets of proteins including their sequences

BIOL-L 112 Exam 1 (7 decks)

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