Chapter 9 Flashcards
Thermoregulation
Active process of maintaining a constant internal temperature through behavioral and physiological adjustments
Endotherm
Animal whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes
Ectotherm
Animal whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes
Set point
point of reference in a feedback system
Set zone
Optimal range of a variable that a feedback system tries to maintain
Allostasis
Combined set of behavioral and physiological adjustments that an individual makes in response to current and predicted behavioral and environmental stressors
Nutrient
chemical that is needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body but not as a source of energy
Glucose
Important sugar molecule used by the body and brain for energy
Glycogen
Complex carbohydrate made by the combining of glucose molecules for a short-term store of energy
Insulin
Pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose, promotes energy storage, and facilitates glucose utilization by cells
Glucagon
Pancreatic hormone that converts glycogen to glucose and thus increases blood glucose
Lipid
Large molecule that consists of fatty acids and glycerol. Lipids are insoluble in water.
Adipose tissue
Commonly called fat tissue. Tissue made up of fat cells
Ketone
A compound, liberated by the breakdown of body fats and proteins, that is a metabolic fuel source
Basal Metabolism
Consumption of energy to fuel processes such as heat production, maintenance of membrane potentials, and all the other basic life sustaining functions of the body.
Diabetes mellitus
A condition, characterized by excessive glucose in the blood and urine and by reduced glucose utilization by body cells, that is caused by the failure of insulin to induce glucose absorption.
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
Hypothalamic region involved in eating and sexual behaviors
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
Hypothalamus region involved in the control of appetite and other functions
Arcuate nucleus
An arc-shaped hypothalamic nucleus implicated in appetite control
Leptin
A peptide hormone release by fat cells
Ghrelin
Peptide hormone produced and released by the gut
PYY (3-36)
A peptide hormone, secreted by the intestines, that probably acts on hypothalamic appetite control mechanisms to suppress appetite
POMC Neuron
Neuron, involved in the hypothalamic appetite control system, that produces both pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphet-amine-related transcript
NPY neuron
Neuron, involved in the hypothalamic appetite control system, that produces both neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide
Orexin
Also called hypocretin. A neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite
Nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
Complicated brainstem nucleus that receives visceral and taste information via several cranial nerves.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
A peptide hormone that is released by the gut after ingestion of food that is high in protein and/or fat
Endocannabinoid
Endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors, thus a marijuana analog that is produced by the brain
Epigenetic transmission
passage from one individual to another of changes in the expression of targeted genes, without modifications to the genes themselves.
