Chapter 9

Question 1

Thermoregulation

Answer 1

Active process of maintaining a constant internal temperature through behavioral and physiological adjustments

Question 2

Endotherm

Answer 2

Animal whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes

Question 3

Ectotherm

Answer 3

Animal whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes

Question 4

Set point

Answer 4

point of reference in a feedback system

Question 5

Set zone

Answer 5

Optimal range of a variable that a feedback system tries to maintain

Question 6

Allostasis

Answer 6

Combined set of behavioral and physiological adjustments that an individual makes in response to current and predicted behavioral and environmental stressors

Question 7

Nutrient

Answer 7

chemical that is needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body but not as a source of energy

Question 8

Glucose

Answer 8

Important sugar molecule used by the body and brain for energy

Question 9

Glycogen

Answer 9

Complex carbohydrate made by the combining of glucose molecules for a short-term store of energy

Question 10

Insulin

Answer 10

Pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose, promotes energy storage, and facilitates glucose utilization by cells

Question 11

Glucagon

Answer 11

Pancreatic hormone that converts glycogen to glucose and thus increases blood glucose

Question 12

Lipid

Answer 12

Large molecule that consists of fatty acids and glycerol. Lipids are insoluble in water.

Question 13

Adipose tissue

Answer 13

Commonly called fat tissue. Tissue made up of fat cells

Question 14

Ketone

Answer 14

A compound, liberated by the breakdown of body fats and proteins, that is a metabolic fuel source

Question 15

Basal Metabolism

Answer 15

Consumption of energy to fuel processes such as heat production, maintenance of membrane potentials, and all the other basic life sustaining functions of the body.

Question 16

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 16

A condition, characterized by excessive glucose in the blood and urine and by reduced glucose utilization by body cells, that is caused by the failure of insulin to induce glucose absorption.

Question 17

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Answer 17

Hypothalamic region involved in eating and sexual behaviors

Question 18

Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Answer 18

Hypothalamus region involved in the control of appetite and other functions

Question 19

Arcuate nucleus

Answer 19

An arc-shaped hypothalamic nucleus implicated in appetite control

Question 20

Leptin

Answer 20

A peptide hormone release by fat cells

Question 21

Ghrelin

Answer 21

Peptide hormone produced and released by the gut

Question 22

PYY (3-36)

Answer 22

A peptide hormone, secreted by the intestines, that probably acts on hypothalamic appetite control mechanisms to suppress appetite

Question 23

POMC Neuron

Answer 23

Neuron, involved in the hypothalamic appetite control system, that produces both pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphet-amine-related transcript

Question 24

NPY neuron

Answer 24

Neuron, involved in the hypothalamic appetite control system, that produces both neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide

Question 25

Orexin

Answer 25

Also called hypocretin. A neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite

Question 26

Nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)

Answer 26

Complicated brainstem nucleus that receives visceral and taste information via several cranial nerves.

Question 27

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 27

A peptide hormone that is released by the gut after ingestion of food that is high in protein and/or fat

Question 28

Endocannabinoid

Answer 28

Endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors, thus a marijuana analog that is produced by the brain

Question 29

Epigenetic transmission

Answer 29

passage from one individual to another of changes in the expression of targeted genes, without modifications to the genes themselves.