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Biopsychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

“Nerve cell” Brain contains nearly 100 billion. Basic unit of the nervous system composed of dendrites, cell body, conducting and transmitting axon.

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2
Q

Glial Cells-(Oligodendrocytes, Schwann, Astrocytes, Microglial)

A

“Glia” Nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support for the brain
Oligo and Schwann wrap around segments of axons to insulate them with a myelin sheath. Oligo=brain and spine, Schwann=rest of body.
Astrocytes weave around and between neurons with tentacle-like extensions (star shaped) control blood flow etc.
Microglial-contain and clean up sites of injury

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3
Q

Synapse

A

Between Neurons where information is transmitted.

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4
Q

Neuron-Input zone

A

Dendrites of neurons receive information from other neurons.

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5
Q

Neuron-Integration zone

A

Neuron cell body (soma), integrates information received to determine whether or not to send a signal.

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6
Q

Neuron-Conduction zone

A

Single axon (nerve fiber) extension to conduct the output information and form electrical impulses.

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7
Q

Neuron-Output zone

A

Specialized swellings at the ends of the axon called axon terminals that transmit neuron’s signals across synapses to other cells

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8
Q

Motoneurons (Motor neurons)

A

Large and have long axons reaching out to synapse on muscles causing muscular contractions.

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9
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Gather sensory information, very diverse shapes depending on what they detect.

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

analyze information gathered from one set of neurons and communicate with others.

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11
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

many dendrites and a single axon (most common)

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12
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

single dendrite and single axon (most common in sensory systems ex. vision)

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13
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

(monopolar neurons) single extension from cell body that branches an axon into two directions. One is an input zone with dendrite like branches, and the other axon terminals. Transmit touch information from the body to the spinal chord.

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14
Q

Presynaptic/Postsynaptic

A

Pre-located on the transmitting side (axon terminal)

Post-Region that receives and responds to neurotransmitter (dendrite or cell body)

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15
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Gap that separates Pre and Post synaptic membranes measuring 20-40 nanometers

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16
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Microscopic hollow spheres that contains molecules of neurotransmitter.

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17
Q

Neurotransmitter + receptors

A

(synaptic transmitter, chemical transmitter, transmitter) Chemical released from presynaptic axon terminal that serves as basis of communication between neurons.
Neurotransmitter receptors-protein molecules that stud the postsynaptic membrane, capture briefly and react to neurotrasmitter molecules

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18
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

ability of nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment

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19
Q

Axon hillock, axon collaterals, axonal transport

A

1-cone-shaped area on cell body which axon emerges
2-branch of an axon
3-transportation of materials from cell body to terminals and back. (Outside electric signal, inside substance transport)

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20
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Contain nodes of Ranvier which are bead of uninsulated patches on the axonal membrane. Increases the speed of the electrical signal.

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21
Q

Edema

A

swelling of tissue in response to injury, damages neurons and is responsible for some brain injuries

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22
Q

Gross Neuroanatomy

A

Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye

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23
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Portion that includes the brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Portion that includes all nervous and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.

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25
Q

Motor/Sensory Nerves

A

Motor-transmit information from CNS to muscles and glands

Sensory-convey information from body to CNS

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26
Q

Somatic Nervous System/Autonomic Nervous System

A

Somatic-part of peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connection mostly to muscles and sensory systems. Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves. (connect brain to major muscles and sensory systems)
Autonomic-part of peripheral nervous system that provides the main neural connection to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs (connect to internal organs or viscera)

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27
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Spinal-nerves that emerges from the spinal cord. Cervical (neck), thoracic (trunk), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvic), coccygeal (bottom). (31 pairs)

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28
Q

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Symp-part of the autonomic nervous system, activates the body for action.
Parasymp-part of autonomic nervous system, prepares body to relax and recuperate

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29
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres and Cortex

A

Hemispheres are the two halves of the brain. Cortex is the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, consisting largely of nerve cell bodies and their branches.

30
Q

Gyrus and Sulcus

A

Gyrus-ridged or raised portion of the brain surface

Sulcus-crevice or valley of the brain surface

31
Q

Frontal/Parietal/Occipital/Temporal Lobe/(s)

A

Frontal-most anterior portion of cortex
Parietal-between frontal and occipital lobes in each hemisphere
Occipital-coves posterior
Temporal-large region of cortex and continuous with parietal but separated from the frontal by Sylvian fissure. Spans “underneath” all the other three

32
Q

Sylvian Fissure/Central Sulcus

A

Sylvian-“lateral sulcus” deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobe
Central-fissure that divides the frontal from parietal lobes

33
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

34
Q

Postcentral and precentral gyrus

A

Post-strip of parietal cortex just behind central sulcus that receives somatosensory info from the entire body (touch etc.)
Pre-strip of frontal cortex just in front of central sulcus that is crucial for motor control

35
Q

Gray and White Matter

A

Gray-cell bodies and devoid of myelin, mostly receives and processes information
White-mostly myelin sheathed axons underneath gray matter, mostly transmits information

36
Q

Neural Tube

A

Embryonic structure including formation of forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain (pg 37)

37
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Cranial-Nerves that are connected directly to the brain.
3 sensory- Olfactory I (Smell), Optic II (vision), Vestibulocochlear VIII (hearing /balance
5 motor- Ocolumotor III, Trochlear IV, Abducens VI (eyes), Spinal Accessory XI (neck), Hypoglossal XII (tongue)
4 both- Trigeminal V (facial sensation, chewing muscles), Facial VII (taste sensation, facial muscles), Glossopharyngeal IX (throat sensation, throat muscles), Vagus X (heart, liver, intestines)
Oh, Oh, Oh, to touch and feel very good velvet, such heaven (names in order with number)
Some stars make money but my brother says big brains make more (sensory/motor or both)

38
Q

Medial/Lateral

A

Toward midline/closer to outsides

39
Q

Ipsilateral/Contralateral

A

related to the same side/opposite of the midline

40
Q

Proximal/Distal

A

Close by/far away

41
Q

Afferent/Efferent

A

arriving information (to the brain)/sending information out (from the brain)

42
Q

Planes (Horizontal, Saggital, Coronal)

A

divides upper lower, divides left and right, divides front and back

43
Q

Pyramidal Cell

A

pyramid shaped cell body in layer II or V of the cortex

44
Q

Cortical columns

A

extend through the thickness of the cortex

45
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

contains caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. Plays a critical role in control of movement

46
Q

Limbic system

A

overlaps/curls around the basal ganglia, involved with emotion and learning. (includes amygdala, hippocampus/fornix, and cingulate gyrus, and the olfactory bulb

47
Q

Amygdala

A

Consists of several subdivisions, with diverse functions including emotional regulation and perception of odor.

48
Q

Hippocampus/Fornix

A

Important for learning and memory

49
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

in each hemisphere which is implicated in many cognitive functions including direction of attention

50
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

sense of smell

51
Q

Thalamus/Hypothalamus

A

toward medial and basal aspects of the forebrain. Thalamus directs incoming sensory information to the appropriate regions of the cortex. Hypothalamus contains vital nuclei for hunger, thirst, temperature, sex etc.

52
Q

The Midbrain (tectum, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, tegmentum, substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray, reticular information)

A

Tectum-top of midbrain, has two bumps, one in each hemisphere, roles in sensory processing
Superior colliculi-visual processing
Inferior Colliculi-process sound
Tegmentum-main body of the midbrain, contains substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray, and is part fo the reticular formation
Substantia nigra-many ways part of the basal ganglia and is a major source of dopaminergic projections
Periaqueductal gray-midbrain structure, perception of brain
Reticular information-loose collection of neurons that are important with sleep and arousal.

53
Q

Cerebellum

A

posterior cortex attached to the dorsal brainstem. Made up of a 3 layered tissue. Crucial for motor coordination and control, also aspects of cognition including learning.

54
Q

Pons

A

contains many nerve fibers, important motor control and sensory nuclei, point of origin for several cranial nerves. wrapped by cerebellum

55
Q

Medulla

A

transition from brain to spinal chord, connected to pons. Conveys all major motor and sensory fibers to and from the body. Also contains nuclei that drive essential process such as respiration and heart rate.

56
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of membranes around the brain. Tough outer sheet called dura mater, then arachnoid a webby substance which suspends the brain in a watery liquid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), then pia mater which adheres tightly to the surface of the brain. (Meningitis, meningiomas-tumors)

57
Q

Ventricular System

A

series of chambers in the cerebral called cerebral ventricles.

58
Q

Lateral ventricle

A

Each hemisphere contains one which extends into all 4 lobes. Lined with Choroid plexus.

59
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Produces CSF by filtering blood, membrane of lateral ventricle(s)

60
Q

Third ventricle/4th Ventricle

A

CSF flows from lateral into this and to the 4th. Midline ventricle, conducts CSF from lateral to 4th.
Fourth-passageway with the pons which receives CSF and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord.

61
Q

Cerebral arteries

A

Three pairs of large arteries within the skull that supply blood to the cerebral cortex

62
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Highly resistant capillaries in the brain (to large molecules) in order to protect the brain from infection.

63
Q

Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT)

A

examines brain structure through computer analysis of x-ray absorption at several positions around the head

64
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

examines brain structure through magnetism and radio-frequency energy to create images of the gross structure of the brain.

65
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow/ identifies regions of the brain that are active.

66
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

brain imaging technique that tracks the metabolism of injected radioactive substances in the brain to map brain activity.

67
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

examines brain function by applying a strong magnetic field to stimulate cortical neurons to identify discrete areas of the brain that are active with specific behaviors.

68
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

brain-imaging technology that creates maps of brain activity during cognitive tasks by measuring tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons.

69
Q

Nissl Stains/Golgi Stains

A

Nissl Stains outline all the cell bodies

Golgi stains fill the whole sell including dentritic spine details

70
Q

Immunocytochemistry

A

Capitalizes on the affinity of antibodies for specific proteins.
Brain slices are exposed to antibodies that are selective for a particular protein of interest.

71
Q

Immediate early genes (IEG)

A

Uses ICC to label IEG, researchers can identify brain regions that were active during particular behaviors.

72
Q

Horseradish Peroxidase

A

an enzyme found in the roots of horse radish which is taken up into an axon at the terminals and transported back into the cell body,

Biopsychology (15 decks)

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