Chapter 5

Question 1

Receptor Cells

Answer 1

Specialized cell that responds to a particular energy or substance in the internal or external environments and converts the energy into an electrical potential across its membrane

Question 2

Labeled LInes

Answer 2

Concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information

Question 3

Generator Potential

Answer 3

local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell in response to a stimuli (may initiate an action potential)

Question 4

Sensory Transduction

Answer 4

Process in which a receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane

Question 5

Pacinian Corpuscle

Answer 5

“lamelated corpuscle” skin receptor cell that detects vibration and pressure

Question 6

Meissner’s Corpuscle

Answer 6

“tactile corpuscle” skin receptor cell that detects light touch, responds to changes in stimuli

Question 7

Merkel’s disc

Answer 7

Skin receptor cell that detects light touch, responding to edges and isolated points on a surface

Question 8

Ruffini Corpuscle

Answer 8

skin receptor cell that detects stretching of the skin

Question 9

Free nerve ending

Answer 9

axon that terminates in the skin and has no specialized cell association with it. Detect pain and/or changes in temperature.

Question 10

Somatosensory system

Answer 10

Set of specialized receptors and neural mechanisms responsible for body sensations such as touch and pain

Question 11

Receptive field

Answer 11

Stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system

Question 12

Sensory adaptation

Answer 12

Loss of receptor response as a stimulation is maintained

Question 13

Phasic Receptor

Answer 13

Receptor in which the frequency of action potentials drops as the stimulation is maintained

Question 14

Tonic Receptor

Answer 14

Receptor in which the frequency of action potentials declines slowly or not at all as the stimulation is maintained

Question 15

Central modulation of sensory information

Answer 15

Process in which higher brain centers such as the cortex and thalamus, suppress some sources of sensory information and amplify others

Question 16

Dorsal Column System

Answer 16

Somatosensory system that delivers most touch stimuli via the dorsal columns of spinal white matter to the brain

Question 17

Dermatome

Answer 17

Strip of skin innervated by a particular spinal nerve

Question 18

Primary sensory cortex

Answer 18

region of cortex that receives most of the information about a certain sense from the thalamus

Question 19

Nonprimary sensory cortex

Answer 19

“secondary sensory cortex” receive direct projects from the primary sensory cortex for a certain sense

Question 20

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 20

Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe where sensory inputs from the body surface are mapped

Question 21

Polymodal neuron

Answer 21

Neuron where more than one sensory system converges

Question 22

Synesthesia

Answer 22

Condition in which the stimuli in one modality evoke the involuntary experience of an additional sensation in another modality.

Question 23

Nociceptors

Answer 23

pain receptors, activated by different chemicals

Question 24

Transient Receptor Potential 1 and 2 and A delta fibers/C fibers

Answer 24

1 - report rise in temperature to warn us of danger, starts around 90 degrees F
2 - detects even higher temperature receptors startin gat around 122 degrees F
TRP2 are found on A delta fibers which are large in diameter and myelinated
TRP1 receptors consist of the thin and un-myelinated fibers called C fibers.

Question 25

Anterolateral system

Answer 25

“spinothalamic system” A somatosensory system that carries most of the pain information from the body to the brain

Question 26

Substance P

Answer 26

Peptide transmitter that is involve in pain transmission

Question 27

Neuropathic pain

Answer 27

Pain that persists long after the injury that started it has healed

Question 28

Cingulate Cortex

Answer 28

where pain information is eventually integrated. The extent of activation correlates to how much discomfort people experience. Parts become activated with emotional and physical pain

Question 29

Analgesia

Answer 29

to reduce or get rid of pain. Most dominant model is the gate control theory that closes spinal gates and block plain

Question 30

Endorphin

Answer 30

Endogenous opioids

Question 31

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

Answer 31

delivery of electrical pulses though electrodes attached to the skin, which excites nerves that supply the region to which pain is referred

Question 32

Naloxone

Answer 32

potent antagonist of opiates that is often administered to people who have taken drug overdoses. Binds to receptors for endogenous opioids.

Question 33

Pain Relief (Psychogenics, pharmacological, stimulation)

Answer 33

Psychogenic-placebo, hypnosis, stress, cognitive
Pharmacological-opiates, spinal block, anti-inflammatory, drugs, cannabinoids
Stimulation-TENS, acupuncture,central gray