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Biopsychology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Retina

A

Receptive surface inside the eye that contains photoreceptors and other neurons

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2
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy to another, ex. light to neuron signals

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3
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent outer layer of the eye, fixed curvature. Bends light rays and is primarily responsible for forming the image on the retina

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4
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light rays by the change in density of a medium. Ex. the cornea and lens of the eye.

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5
Q

Lens

A

Structure in the eye that helps focus the image on the retina

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6
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

One of the muscles that controls the shape of the lens inside the eye, focusing the image on the retina

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7
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which ciliary muscles adjust the lens to focus a sharp image on the retina.

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8
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness, unable to focus retinal image of objects that are far away. Eyeball is too long, and image is blurred on retina.

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9
Q

Extraocular muscle

A

Muscle that controls the position and movement of eyeball

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10
Q

Photoreceptor

A

Neural cell in retina that responds to light

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11
Q

Rod

A

Photoreceptor in retina that is most active at low levels of light

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12
Q

Cone

A

Photoreceptor of several classes in the retina that are responsible for color vision

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13
Q

Bipolar Cell

A

Interneuron in retina that receives information from rods and cones and passes the information to retinal ganglion cells.

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14
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

Any of a class of cells in the retina whose axons form the optic nerve

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15
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve II, the collection of ganglion cells axon that extend from the retina to the brain

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16
Q

Horizontal Cell

A

Specialized retinal cells that contacts both photoreceptors and bipolar cells

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17
Q

Amacrine Cells

A

Specialized retinal cells that contacts both bipolar cells and ganglion cells and is especially significant in inhibitory interactions within the retina.

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18
Q

Scotopic system

A

System in retina that operates at low levels of light and involves the rods

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19
Q

Convergence

A

Phenomenon of neural connections in which many cells send signals to one cell

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20
Q

Photopic System

A

System in the retina that operates at high levels of light, shows sensitivity to color, and involves the cones

21
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Photopigment in rods that responds to light

22
Q

Pupil

A

Opening, formed by the iris, allows light to enter the eye

23
Q

Iris

A

Circular structure of the eye that provides an opening to form pupil

24
Q

Range Fractionation

A

Means by which sensory systems cover a wide range of intensity value, as each sensory receptor cell specializes in just one part of the overall range of intensities.

25
Q

Photoreceptor adaptation

A

Tendency of rods and cones to adjust their light sensitivity to match current levels of illumination

26
Q

Visual acuity

A

Sharpness of vision

27
Q

Fovea

A

Central portion of the retina, packed with the highest density of photoreceptor and is the center of our gaze

28
Q

Optic disc

A

region of the retina that is devoid of receptor cells because ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there

29
Q

Blind Spot

A

Portion of the visual field from which light falls on the optic disc

30
Q

Occipital Cortex

A

“Visual cortex”. The cortex of the occipital lobe of the brain, corresponding to the primary visual area of the cortex

31
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Point at which parts of the two optic nerves cross the midline

32
Q

Optic Tract

A

Axons of the retinal ganglion cells after they have passed the optic chiasm. Most terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus

33
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

A

Part of the thalamus that receives information from the optic tract and sends it to visual areas of the occipital cortex

34
Q

Optic Radiation

A

Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus that terminate in the primary visual areas in the occipital cortex

35
Q

Primary Visual Cortex (V1)

A

“striate cortex or area 17” region of the occipital cortex where most visual information first arrives. features a prominent striation, corresponding to the convergent binocular inputs.

36
Q

Extrastriate cortex

A

visual cortex outside of the primary visual (striate) cortex

37
Q

Visual Field

A

Whole are that you can see without moving your head or eyes.

38
Q

Topographic projection

A

Mapping that preserves the point-to-point correspondence between neighboring parts of space.

39
Q

Scotoma

A

Region of blindness within visual fields, caused by injury to the visual pathway or brain

40
Q

Blindsight

A

Paradoxical phenomenon whereby, within scotoma, a person cannot consciously perceive visual cues but may still be able to make some visual discrimination

41
Q

Receptive Field

A

Stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system

42
Q

On-center bipolar cell

A

Retinal bipolar cell that is excited by light in the center of its receptive field

43
Q

Off-center bipolar cell

A

Retinal bipolar cell that is inhibited by light in the center of its receptive field

44
Q

On-center ganglion cell

A

Retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the center, rather than periphery of the cells receptor field

45
Q

Off-center ganglion cell

A

Retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the periphery, rather than the center of the cells receptor field

46
Q

On-center/Off-surround

A

Concentric receptor field in which stimulation of the center excites the cell of interest while stimulation of the surround inhibits it

47
Q

Off-center/On-surround

A

Concentric receptive field in which the stimulation fo the center inhibits the cell of interest while stimulation of the surrounding excites it.

48
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

Phenomenon by which interconnected neurons inhibit their neighbors, producing contrast at the edges of regions.

Biopsychology (15 decks)

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