Chapter 13

Question 1

Development of the Brain (ectoderm, neural tube, forebrain/midbrain/hindbrain)

Answer 1

ectoderm-outer cellular layer of the developing embryo, giving rise to skin and nervous system.
neural tube-embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future fore/mid/hindbrain
forebrain-front of brain, contains cerebral hemispheres, thalamus and hypothalamus
midbrain-middle division of the brain
hindbrain-rear division which contains cerebellum, pons and medulla

Question 2

Embryo/Fetus

Answer 2

first 10 weeks after fertilization. After then it is called a fetus.

Question 3

Development of Nervous System (6 steps)

Answer 3

Neurogenesis - mitotic division of nonneural cells to produce neurons, within the ventricular zone.
Cell migration - movement of nerve cells to establish distinct nerve cell population,
Cell differentiation - refining cells into distinctive types of neurons or glial cells. Expressing particular genes.
Synaptogenesis - establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow
Neuronal cell death - selective death of many nerve cells
Synapse rearrangement - loss of some synapses and development of others, to refine synaptic connections.

Question 4

Adult Neurogenesis

Answer 4

generation of new neurons in adulthood, especially in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus.

Question 5

Cell Death (Apoptosis)

Answer 5

sculpting process, naturally occuring. These cells contain “death genes”

Question 6

Neurotrophic factors

Answer 6

Factors like neurons not receiving enough chemical to survive

Question 7

Genotype/Phenotype`

Answer 7

Genotype - contains sum of intrinsic, genetic information

Phenotype - contains sum of physical characteristics

Question 8

Phenyliketonuria (PKU)

Answer 8

Recessive hereditary disorder of protein metabolism once resulted in many people with intellectual disability.