Chapter 9 Flashcards
Group
Three or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other.
Social roles
Shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave.
Group cohesiveness
Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members.
Social facilitation
The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated.
Social loafing
The tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated,
such that they do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks.
Deindividuation
The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can’t be identified (such as when they are in a crowd).
Process loss
Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving.
Transactive memory
The combined memory of two people that is more efficient than the memory of either individual.
Groupthink
A kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner.
Group polarization
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members.
Great person theory
The idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation.
Transactional leaders
Leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them.
Transformational leaders
Leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals.
Contingency theory of leadership
The idea that leadership effectiveness depends both on how task-oriented or relationship-oriented the leader is and on the
amount of control and influence the leader has over the group.
Task-oriented leader
A leader who is concerned more with getting the job done than with workers’ feelings and
relationships.
Relationship-oriented leader
A leader who is concerned more with workers’ feelings and relationships.
Social dilemma
A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone.
Tit-for-tat strategy
A means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always
responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial.
Negotiation
A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree.
Integrative solution
A solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests; each side concedes
the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side.
