Chapter 11

Question 1

Prosocial behavior

Answer 1

Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person

Question 2

Altruism

Answer 2

The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper

Question 3

Kin selection

Answer 3

The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection

Question 4

Norm of reciprocity

Answer 4

The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

Question 5

Empathy

Answer 5

The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them

Question 6

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 6

The idea that when we feel empathy

for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

Question 7

Altruistic personality

Answer 7

The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations

Question 8

In-group

Answer 8

The group with which an individual identifies as a member

Question 9

Out-group

Answer 9

Any group with which an individual does not identify

Question 10

Urban overload hypothesis

Answer 10

The theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being
overwhelmed by it

Question 11

Bystander effect

Answer 11

The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help

Question 12

Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 12

The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not

Question 13

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 13

The phenomenon wherein each bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases