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Psych 101 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

language

A

a system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning

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2
Q

grammar

A

a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages

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3
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest units of sound that are recognizable as speech rather than as random noise

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4
Q

phonological rules

A

indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

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5
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest meaningful units of language

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6
Q

morphological rules

A

a set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

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7
Q

syntactical rules

A

a set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences

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8
Q

deep structure

A

the meaning of a sentence

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9
Q

surface structure

A

how a sentence is worded

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10
Q

fast mapping

A

children map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

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11
Q

telegraphic speech

A

devoid of function morphemes and consist mostly of content words

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12
Q

nativist theory

A

the view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity

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13
Q

genetic dysphasia

A

a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence

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14
Q

aphasia

A

difficulty in producing or comprehending language

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15
Q

concept

A

mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli

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16
Q

exemplar theory

A

we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category

17
Q

category-specific deficit

A

a neurological syndrome characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category, although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed

18
Q

rational choice theory

A

the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging he value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two

19
Q

frequency format hypothesis

A

the proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur

20
Q

availability bias

A

items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

21
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

22
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event

23
Q

framing effect

A

occurs when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed)

24
Q

sunk-cost fallacy

A

a framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

25
Q

intelligence

A

the ability to direct to direct one’s thinking, adopt to one’s circumstances, and learn from one’s experiences

26
Q

ratio IQ

A

a statistic obtained by dividing a person’s mental age by the person’s physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100

27
Q

deviation IQ

A

statistic obtained by dividing a person’s mental age by the person’s physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100

28
Q

two-factor theory of intelligence

A

every task requires a combination of a general ability (which he called g) and skills that are specific to the task (which he called s)

29
Q

fluid intelligence

A

the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences

30
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience

31
Q

fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)

A

develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm

32
Q

identical twins (monozygotic twins)

A

develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm so they are genetic duplicates and share 100% of their genes

33
Q

shared environment

A

environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household

34
Q

nonshared environment

A

environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household

Psych 101 (12 decks)

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