Chapter 6

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

the process of transforming what we preceive think or feel into an enduring memory

Question 3

storage

Answer 3

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

Question 4

retrieval

Answer 4

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Question 5

three types of encoding processes

Answer 5

semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding, and organizational encoding

Question 6

semantic encoding

Answer 6

the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already in memory

Question 7

visual imagery encoding

Answer 7

the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

Question 8

organizational encoding

Answer 8

the process of categorizing information according to the relationship among a series of items

Question 9

sensory memory

Answer 9

a type of storage that stores information for a few seconds or less

Question 10

iconic memory

Answer 10

a fast decaying store of visual information

Question 11

echoic memory

Answer 11

a fast decaying store of auditory information

Question 12

short term memory

Answer 12

a type of storage that holds non sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

Question 13

rehearsal

Answer 13

the process of keeping information in the short term memory by mentally repeating it

Question 14

chunking

Answer 14

combing small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that or more easily held in short term memory

Question 15

working memory

Answer 15

active maintenance of information if short term storage

Question 16

long term memory

Answer 16

a type of storage that holds information for hours days weeks or years

Question 17

anterograde amnesia

Answer 17

the inability to transfer new information from the shot-term store into the long-term store

Question 18

retrograde amnesia

Answer 18

the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date.

Question 19

consolidation

Answer 19

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

Question 20

reconsolidation

Answer 20

the process that causes memories to become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again

Question 21

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 21

a process where by the communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection making further communication easier

Question 22

state dependent retrieval

Answer 22

the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Question 23

transfer appropriate processing

Answer 23

the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match

Question 24

explicit memory

Answer 24

the act of consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

Question 25

implicit memory

Answer 25

the influence of past experiences on past behavior and performance even without an effort to remember them or in awareness to their recollection

Question 26

procedural memory

Answer 26

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or knowing how to do things

Question 27

priming

Answer 27

an enhanced ability to think of a word or object as a result of the recent exposure to a stimulus

Question 28

semantic memory

Answer 28

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Question 29

episodic memory

Answer 29

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Question 30

transience

Answer 30

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

Question 31

retroactive interference

Answer 31

situations in which learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

Question 32

proactive interference

Answer 32

situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

Question 33

absentmindedness

Answer 33

a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

Question 34

prospective memory

Answer 34

remembering to do things in the future

Question 35

blocking

Answer 35

a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

Question 36

memory misattribution

Answer 36

assigning a recollection or and idea to the wrong source

Question 37

source memory

Answer 37

recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

Question 38

suggestibility

Answer 38

the tendency to incorporating misleading information from external sources into personal recollection

Question 39

bias

Answer 39

the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

Question 40

persistence

Answer 40

the intrusive recollection of events we wish we could forget

Question 41

flash bulb memories

Answer 41

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events