Chapter 6 Flashcards
memory
the ability to store and retrieve information over time
encoding
the process of transforming what we preceive think or feel into an enduring memory
storage
the process of maintaining information in memory over time
retrieval
the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
three types of encoding processes
semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding, and organizational encoding
semantic encoding
the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already in memory
visual imagery encoding
the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
organizational encoding
the process of categorizing information according to the relationship among a series of items
sensory memory
a type of storage that stores information for a few seconds or less
iconic memory
a fast decaying store of visual information
echoic memory
a fast decaying store of auditory information
short term memory
a type of storage that holds non sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
rehearsal
the process of keeping information in the short term memory by mentally repeating it
chunking
combing small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that or more easily held in short term memory
working memory
active maintenance of information if short term storage
long term memory
a type of storage that holds information for hours days weeks or years
anterograde amnesia
the inability to transfer new information from the shot-term store into the long-term store
retrograde amnesia
the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date.
consolidation
the process by which memories become stable in the brain
reconsolidation
the process that causes memories to become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again
long-term potentiation (LTP)
a process where by the communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection making further communication easier
state dependent retrieval
the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
transfer appropriate processing
the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match
explicit memory
the act of consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences
implicit memory
the influence of past experiences on past behavior and performance even without an effort to remember them or in awareness to their recollection
procedural memory
the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or knowing how to do things
priming
an enhanced ability to think of a word or object as a result of the recent exposure to a stimulus
semantic memory
a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
episodic memory
the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
transience
forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
retroactive interference
situations in which learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier
proactive interference
situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later
absentmindedness
a lapse in attention that results in memory failure
prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future
blocking
a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it
memory misattribution
assigning a recollection or and idea to the wrong source
source memory
recall of when, where, and how information was acquired
suggestibility
the tendency to incorporating misleading information from external sources into personal recollection
bias
the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
persistence
the intrusive recollection of events we wish we could forget
flash bulb memories
detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
