Chapter 7 Flashcards
learning
the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
habituation
a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
sensitization
a simple form of learning that occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to an increase response to a later stimulus
classical condition
a type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus which naturally produces a response
unconditioned stimulus
something that reliably produces a natural occurring reaction in an organism
unconditioned response
a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
a previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with a unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response
a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by an unconditioned stimulus
acquisition
the phase of classical conditioning when the cs and us are presented together
second order conditioning
conditioning in which a cs paired with a stimulus that became associated with the us in an earlier procedure
extinction
the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the cs is repeatedly presented without the us
spontaneous recovery
the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
generalization
the cr is observed even though the cs is slightly different from the cs during acquistion
discrimination
the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
biological preparedness
a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
law of effect
behaviors that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated and those that produce and unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated
operant behavior
behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
punisher
any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelyhood of the behavior that lead to it
reinforcer
any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelyhood of the behavior that lead to it
fixed interval schedule
an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcer are presented at fixed time periods provided that the appropriate response is made
variable interval schedule
a operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcment
fixed ratio schedule
an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcment is delivered after a specific number of responses has been made
variable ration schedule
an operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average of number of responses
intermittent reinforcement
an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
intermittent reinforcement effect
the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
shaping
learning which results from the reinforcement or successive steps to the final desired behavior
latent learning
something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
cognitive map
a mental representation of the physical features of the environment
observational learning
a condition in which learning takes places by watching the actions of others
implicit learning
learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and products of information acquisition
