Chapter 9 Flashcards
Scale of Sexual Orientation
0: Heterosexual, no homosexual
1: Mainly heterosexual, little homosexuality
2: Mainly heterosexual, more homosexuality
3: Equally both
4: Mainly homosexual, more heterosexuality
5: Mainly homosexual, little heterosexuality
6: Homosexual, not heterosexual
Sexual Orientation
- Bisexual
- Asexual
- Homosexual
- Heterosexual
Scale of 0-6 of Heterosexual-Homosexual sexual orientations
Multidimensional Components of Sexual Orientation
- Engages in sexual behavior with men, women, both, or neither
- Feels sexual desire for men, women, both, or neither
- Falls in love with me, women, both, or neither
- Identifies them self with a specific sexual orientation
Heterosexual
Attraction to opposite sex
Homosexuality (Further)
- About 1% women, and 2% men
- People born after 1970 called themselves queer and refer to queer culture
Asexuality
Lack of attraction to either sex
Transitory
Sexual opportunity, think of a boarding school of only one sex; there are no other options
Transitional
Heterosexuality to homosexuality, a transition; sometimes a relationship of both
Denial
Confused and deny because of society or bisexuality
Homosexual
Attraction to same sex
Bisexuality
Attracted to both men and women
- Context matters more than contact
- Categories: real, transitory, transitional, or denial of gayness
Asexuality (Further)
- They vary in friendships, affection, romance, and partnerships
- They do not feel distressed because of this
- 73% never had sexual-intercourse and no interest to do so
- Most did masturbate throughout life
- They still get aroused like everyone else
Sex Laws
1815- Ohio outlaws adultery
1876- Ohio first state to outlaw possession of sex toys
1885- Ohio outlaws sodomy (vaginal-penal sex)
1886- Ohio becomes first state to rule that two women cannot be prosecuted for sodomy
1895- Ohio first state that an act of extramarital sodomy constitutes adultery
1957- Ohio first state to find a right in married couples to engage in sodomy
1965- Ohio first state to strike down for an unnatural sex act
1972- Ohio enacts repeal of its sodomy law
Importuning Law says that it is a crime to ask someone for gay or lesbian sex if it would offend them
Gay Movement
- Started from the stone wall incident
- First proclamation of homosexual rights
Heteroflexibility
Heterosexual people that have some degree of sexual interest in the same sex
Homoflexibility
Homosexual people that have some sexual interest in the opposite sex
Sexual Fluidity
Variability in same-opposite sex attraction and involvement at times and situations in their life
Gay
Homosexual male, or homosexual person
Lesbian
Homosexual female
Determining Sexual Orientation (Hormone Levels)
- Adult Hormone Levels
- Prenatal Hormone Levels
- some effects found in animals
- sexual dimorphism in index finger (index is smaller than ring finger you are more masculine)
- handedness
- birth order and sex of siblings
- onset of puberty
Determining Sexual Orientation (Biological Factors)
Genetic Factors:
- Homosexuality strongly runs in the family
- Identical twins > fraternal twins
- Genetic marker research is ongoing (logic is a slippery slope, and not reasonable; if you will have Down syndrome)
- Gender nonconformity (don’t conform to them)
Implications If Biology Is Destiny
- May result in more acceptance
- Genetic engineering (not your fault)
- Tolerance for defective orientation
- Intolerance for behavioral choices
Societal Attitudes
Cross-cultural attitudes vary greatly (we are not one of the 14 nations)
Jude’s Christian attitudes have varied greatly
14 countries that have national discrimination laws protecting national gays and lesbians and bisexuals
Homosexuals in the Military
- During every major war, military officials have not cared about recruiting or discharging homosexuals
- During peace, they are abruptly discharged or are not recruited into the military
Reasons: - Forcing heterosexuals to compromise their privacy and be viewed as sexual objects
- We cannot expect a homosexual to control their drives when deployed at sea for six months
- It would be discriminatory for an unmarried heterosexual couple to be denied base housing
Societal Attitudes
Early to mid-1900’s societal shift: from sinner to sickness:
- 1973 APA removed homosexuality from list of mental disorders
- No differences in psychological adjustment between gays and straights
- Sexual reorientation therapy doesn’t work but gay affirmative therapy is helpful
Societal Attitudes
Homophobia:
- Anti-homosexual attitudes, irrational fears of self-loathing
- May legitimize hate crimes directed as gays
- Hate Crimes Statistics Act: pushed for sexual orientation, extremely simplistic, sentence is double
Societal Attitudes
Causes of homophobia and hate crimes:
- Lack of acceptance
- Traditional gender role stereotypes
- Extreme manifestation of cultural norms
- Denial of homosexual feelings
By Default Theory (Psychosocial Theory)
Unhappy relationships in heterosexual experiences can cause a person to become homosexual
Seduction Myth (Psychosocial Theory)
Some people believe seducing them into liking the same sex relationship
Freud’s Theory (Psychosocial Theory)
Unacceptable patterns of childhood experiences and lack of research support; you need to have the right kind of upbringing
Choice Theory (Psychosocial Theory)
May be more important for women than men; men are more likely to be sexually advantaged than women
Biological Theories (Psychosocial Theory)
Brain differences (LeVay); structural differences, confounds, and lack of replication
Psychosocial Theories
- By Default Theory
- Seduction Myth
- Freud’s Theory
- Choice Theory
- Biological Theories
Bisexuality (Further)
- Their bisexuality is often unknown because of the assumption that people are straight or gay
- They are aroused by both male-male, male-female videos; but even more with male-female-male.
- Heterosexual and homosexual people are sometimes judgmental towards bisexuals
- Performative bisexuality is for the pleasure of the opposite sex to make them feel sexy and desirable
