Chapter 10 Flashcards
Social Perspectives
Contemporary Issues:
- planning for wanted children
- physical health of mother
- insurance coverage of contraceptives
- population growth
- cultural gender-rule expectations
- wide diversity of views among cultures and religious leaders
Sharing Responsibility
How to share responsibility:
- ask about birth control before intercourse (short-term)
- read and discuss options together (long-term)
- share expenses
- attend a class or clinic together
Choosing a Birth Control Method
- Consider effectiveness and cost
- Consider ease of use and side effects
- Characteristics of ineffective use: guilt, negative attitudes about sex, failure rate (consistent and typical use)
Birth Control: Effective Methods
- Abstinence (no touching)
- Outercourse ( all but penile-vaginal intercourse)
- Hormone-based contraception
- Barrier-based contraception
- Emergency contraception
- Fertility awareness contraception
- Sterilization
Historical Perspectives
Evidence of contraception since the beginning of recorded history
U.S. contraceptive efforts:
- 1800’s Comstock Laws: federal law, illegal to distribute anything that was obscene
- 1915 Margaret Sanger’s: wealthy, thought women’s health in the U.S. was backwards. Released thousands of diaphragms
- U.S. Supreme Court rulings; Griswold vs. Connecticut, Eisenstadt vs. Baird: 1965 states could use contraception for only married couples, 1964 not at all; 1972 it was big for contraception
Failure Rate
Number of women out of 100 who become pregnant after 1 year after using a particular contraceptive
Backup Methods
Contraceptive methods used simultaneously with another method to support it
Hormone-Based Contraceptives
- Oral Contraceptives
- Vaginal Ring
- Transdermal Patch
- Injected Contraception
- Contraceptive Implant
4 Types of Oral Contraceptives
- Constant-Dose Combination Pill
- Triphasic Pill
- Seasonale Pill
- Progestin-Only Pill
Outercourse
Sexual intimacy without penile-vaginal intercourse
Constant-Dose Combination Pill
Birth control pill that contains a constant daily dose of estrogen
- 99% effective
Triphasic Pill
Birth control pill that varies the dosages of estrogen and progestin during the menstrual cycle (change up 3 times)
- 99% effective
Seasonale Pill
Birth control pill that reduces menstrual periods to four times a year (13 to 4); this can be harsh for women
- 99% effective
Progestin-Only Pill
Contraceptive pill that contains a small dose of progestin and no estrogen (not as effective)
- 92% effective
Vaginal Ring and Transdermal Patch
- Hold estrogen and progestin
- Called NuvaRing, and Ortho Evra
- Hormones go into blood stream to prevent pregnancy
- Less side effects using them
Injected Contraceptives
- Called Deposit-Provera
- Active ingredient is progestin
- Lining of the uterus thins
- Progestin alters services mucus
- Combines estrogen and progestin
Contraceptive Implants
- Slender rod placed under the skin of the upper arm
- Releases contraceptive hormones
Birth Control Pill (Pains)
- Abdominal Pain
- Chest Pain
- Headaches
- Eye Problems
- Severe Leg Pain
Condom
Sheath that fits over the penis and is used for protection against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections
Vaginal Spermicides
Foam that contains a chemical that kills sperm
Intrauterine Device
Small plastic device that goes into uterus for contraception
Emergency Contraception
Hormone pills that can be used after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy
- occurs within 72 hours
- chemical: Copper-T IUD, inserted up to five days after unprotected intercourse (can be 98% effective)
- 3 pills at one time
Barrier Contraception
Two types:
- Chemical Barriers
- Physical Barriers
Chemical Barriers
- Vaginal Spermicides: they are really easy to do, and have no side effects
- Foams (8 inches long and spray into vagina, evacuate instantly)
- Suppositories (small pills and vaginal suppositories, take a little longer to activate) chemical reaction
- Creams (physical barrier device)
- Films (put around finger, and moisture of vagina dissolves and activation of spermicides occurs)
Physical Barriers
- Male Condom: sheath fits over erect penis
- Female Condom: sheath fits in vagina
- Diaphragm: rubber based, cream spermicide, see doctor
- Cervical Cap: cream spermicide, latex, see doctor and a little tougher than diaphragm, remove within 24 hours
- Fem Cap: cream spermicide, silicon made, sell cleaner, it goes for life, it sticks and suctions in the vagina
- Lea’s Shield: cream spermicide, only goes in and doesn’t allow things to come through
- Sponge: European and can’t really get them in the U.S., very soft, and insert sponge like the rest
Fertility Awareness Methods
Birth control methods using signs of cyclic fertility to prevent conception, there are also watches for two LED lights
- Standard Days Method
- Mucus Method
- Calendar Method
- Basal Body Temperature Method
Standard Days Method
Birth control method that makes couples avoid unprotected intercourse for a 12-day period in the middle of the menstrual cycle
Mucus Method
Birth control method determining time of ovulation by changes of the cervical mucus, cyclical changes
Calendar Method
Birth control method used by abstinence from intercourse during calendar-estimated fertile days, self knowledge of cycle
Basal Body Temperature Method
Birth control method based on body temperature changes before and after ovulation, wake up easy and resting stage
Tubal Sterilization
Female sterilization accomplished by tying the Fallopian tubes
- minilaparatomy
- laparoscopy
- culpotomy
- transcervical sterilization
Transcervical Sterilization
Method of female sterilization using a tiny coil inserted through the vagina, cervix, and uterus into the Fallopian tubes
- cheap and less side effects
Testicular Sterilization
Removal of testicules and replacing with a new set
Vasectomy
Male sterilization done by cutting and closing each vas deferens
Nursing
- Will cause amenorrhea after birth while breastfeeding
- 80% ovulate before first period
- Unreliable
Withdrawal Before Ejaculation
- Difficult to judge when to withdraw
- Anxiety may lower pressure
- Cowper’s gland may carry sperm
- Any sperm on vulva may travel into uterus
- Unreliable
Douching
- Sperm reach uterus in 1-2 minutes
- May speed sperm
- Irritates vaginal tissue
- Very ineffective
