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Pathophysiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate Defenses

A
  • require no previous exposure to effectively respond to the antigen
  • Includes NK cells, and Phagocytic cells such as Neutrophils and Macrophages
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2
Q

Specific/Adaptive Immunity

A
  • recognizes foreign invaders
  • destroys foreign invaders
  • retain memory of the encounter
  • Includes B cells (humoral immunity) and T cells (cell-mediated immunity)
  • B and T cells must be able to differentiate self/nonself
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3
Q

Functions of Helper T Cells

A
  • activate other T cells & Macrophages
  • Stimulate B cell proliferation and antibody production
  • Secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines
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4
Q

Functions of Cytotoxic T cells

A
  • can kill certain antigens

- can contain cd8

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5
Q

Functions of B Lymphocytes

A
  • produce antibodies
  • carry many copies of identical B-cell receptors
  • respond to only one antigen epitope
  • produce memory cells
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6
Q

Types of Leukocytes (WBCs)

A
  • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
  • Monocytes & macrophage
  • Dendritic Cells
  • Lymphocytes (NK cells, T & B Lymphocytes)
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7
Q

Leukocytes by numbers

A 
Neutrophils - 60-80%
Lymphocytes - 20-30%
Monocytes - 3-8%
Eosinophils - 1-6%
Basophils - 0-2%
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8
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • also known as plymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNS)
  • important in acute bacterial infections
  • 5 stages, but only need to know about band cells
  • attrcted to areas of inflammation and bacterial products by chemotactic factors
  • release toxins (free radicals, defensins, proteolytic enzymes like elastase)
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9
Q

Neutrophilia

A

increase in circulating neutrophils

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10
Q

Shift to the left

A

Immature bands are increased during infection

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11
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • circulating granulocytes
  • increase in number during allergic reactions and intestinal parasite infections
  • major function is to kill intestinal worms
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12
Q

Basophils

A
  • appear during allergic reactions
  • granulocytes characerized by granules that stain blue with basophilic dyes
  • structurally similar to mast cells
  • Mature basophils circulate in the vascular system
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13
Q

Mast cells

A
  • basophils that are found in connective tissue

- live for weeks to months

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14
Q

Basophils AND Mast Cells

A
  • contain histamine
  • degranulation of either begins the inflammatory response associated with allergic reactions
  • Involved with wound healing and chronic inflammatory conditions
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15
Q

Monocytes AND Macrophages

A

originate from bone marrow stem cells of the myeloid lineage

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16
Q

Monocytes

A
  • immature macrophages that circulate in bloodstream

- become macrophages when entering the tissue

17
Q

Macrophages

A
  • can ingest several times as many microorganisms than neutrophils
  • Live for months to years
  • capable of cell division
  • secrete cytokines
  • important in wound healing
  • important in antigen presentation
18
Q

Dendritic Cells

A
  • derived in the bone marrow just as monocytes and macrophages
  • located throughout the body as part of the mononuclear phaocyte system
  • antigen-presenting cell
  • produce chemical messangers
19
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • small, round cells with large, round nucleus
  • sorted by cell differentiating markers
  • 3 types (NK Cells, T Cells, B Cells)
20
Q

NK Cells

A
  • function in innate immunity
  • effectively kill tumor and virally infected cells without previous exposure
  • not specific for particular antigen
21
Q

Inflammation Markers

A
  • Acute phase proteins increase

- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) increase

22
Q

C Reactive Protein

A

an acute phase protein that is released into the blood when there is tissue injury that causes inflammation

23
Q

Acute Phase Proteins

A

proteins that are released into the blood when there is a tissue injury

24
Q

Components of Healing

A
  • FIbroblasts (new connective tissue)
  • Endothelial Cells (form new capillaries)
  • Myofibroblasts (induce wound contraction)
25
Q

Absolute Neutrophil Count

A
  • the real number of WBCs that are actually neutrophils

- an absolute neutrophil count less than 500 cells/microliter is considered low

26
Q

MHC Compatability

A
  • also known as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
  • Mark body cells as ‘self’
  • Polymorphism ; no one has the same MHC genotype unless identical twins
  • 3 classes: MHC I, II, III
27
Q

Different Types of Immunoglobulins

A
  • IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
28
Q

IgG

A
  • most common type and the smallest
  • easily escapes bloodstream to enter interstitial fluid
  • circulate as single molecules
  • can cross the placenta
29
Q

IgM

A
  • mostly found in intravascular pool; cannot penetrate vascular wall
  • First to be produced on exposure to antigens or after immunization
  • major antibody found on B cell surfaces
  • Works best to activate the complement
30
Q

IgA

A
  • a dimer
  • produced by plasma cells under skin/mucous membranes
  • found in saliva, tears, tracheobronchial secretions, colostrum, breast milk, and GI/GU secretions
  • responsible for passive immunity
31
Q

IgD

A
  • found in tiny amounts in serum
  • located primarily on B cell membranes
  • acts to stimulate b cell to multiply, differentiate, and secrete other specific immunoglobulins
32
Q

IgE

A
  • helps against parasites
  • functions as a signaling molecule
  • causes mast cell degranulation when antigen detected at mast cell surface
33
Q

Mediators of Inflammation

A
  • histamine
  • serotonin
  • bradykinin
  • Complement proteins
  • prostaglandins
  • Leukotrines
  • proteases
  • oxygen free radicals
34
Q

Acute Inflammation

A
  • short in duration, lasting less than 2 weeks

- involves a discrete set of events

35
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A
  • more diffuse
  • extends over longer period
  • May result in scar tissue formation or deformity
36
Q

WBCs involved in inflammations

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and phagocytes

37
Q

Tissue Transplantation

A

The structure of an individual’s MHC proteins
is assessed to determine the “tissue type” when matching for tissue
transplantation procedures.

38
Q

Bed Sores (Decubititus)

A

4 stages

  • tissue open
  • tissue breakage
  • tissue damage, can see bone and caritlidge
  • dead tissue eschar

Pathophysiology (34 decks)

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