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Pathophysiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A
  • means new growth

- implies abnormality of cellular growth

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2
Q

Malignant

A
  • a tumor that can kill the host if untreated
  • can be invasive or metastisizing
  • cancer is graded on a 1-4 level (1 closely resembling original tissue while 4 looks nothing like it)
  • rapid growth
  • dysfunctional
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3
Q

Invasive

A

spreads to nearby tissues

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4
Q

metastasizing

A

spreads all over the body

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5
Q

angiogenesis

A

caused by angiogenic proteins; formation of new blood vessels from previous ones in otder to help cancer grow

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6
Q

Benign

A

cannot kill host on its own but can be life threatening due to location

  • slow growth
  • does not spread
  • encapsulated
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7
Q
  • oma
A

a suffix that indicates a benign tumor

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8
Q
  • carcinoma

- sarcoma

A

suffixes that indicate malignant tumors

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9
Q

Carcinoma

A

tumor has an epithelial origin (skin or membrane)

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10
Q

Sarcoma

A

tumor has a mesenchymal origin (nerve, bone, or muscle)

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11
Q

Malignant tumor exceptions to naming rule

A

lymphomas, hepatomas, melanomas

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12
Q

Lifestyle factors that contribute to cancer risk

A 
tobacco use
nutrition
obesity
sun exposure (skin cancer)
sexual exposure (cervical cancer)
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13
Q

Two types of carcinogens

A

Initiator (causes genetic damage)

promoter (promotes tumor growth)

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14
Q

Carcinogen

A

a potential cancer causing agent

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15
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

enhances growth producing pathways

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16
Q

oncogene

A

a proto oncogene in its mutant overactive form (cancerous form)

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17
Q

Tumor suppressor gene

A

inhibits cell proliferation

cancers arise when suppressor gene function is lost or abnormally inhibited

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18
Q

Types of Retroviruses

A

HIV - kaposi’s sacrcoma
Epstein-Barr virus - burkitt lymphoma
Human T-lymphocyte virus type 1 - adult t cell leukemia/lymphoma

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19
Q

Retrovirus

A

a virus composed of RNA that contains the reverse transcriptase enzyme

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20
Q

The Rb gene

A

normally functions as the “master brake” for the cell cycle
blocks/stops cell division
inactivated Rb genes are common in some cancers

21
Q

p53 gene

A

the most common tumor suppressor gene defect indentified in cancer cells
Normally inhibits cell cycling after DNA damage

22
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes

A

tumor suppressor genes that are associated with breast cancer

23
Q

The multistep nature of carcinogenesis

A

initiation, promotion, and progression

24
Q

Initiation

A

events in this stage include genetic mutations and proliferation

25
Complete carcinogen
capable of initiating cell damage and promoting cellular proliferation
26
Partial carcinogens
stimulate growth but unable to cause significant genetic mutations
27
Promotion
stage during which mutant cell proliferates. Cancer cells produce telomerase (allows for immortality) - another oncogene is activated - tumor suppressor gene is inactivate - infection - nutritional factors
28
Progression
the mutant proliferating cells begin to exhibit malignant behaviors
29
Tumor Markers
help to identify the parent issue of cancer origin
30
Types of tumor markers
``` CA 125 - ovarian CA19-9 - pancreatic CEA - mainly colon but can be many different cancers PSA - prostate BRCA 1&2 - breast ```
31
Grading and staging of tumors
used to predict the clinical behavior of malignant tumor and help guide theraputic management
32
Staging
depends on - location and patterns of spread within the host - tumor size - extent of local growth - lymph node and organ involvement - distant metastasis
33
TNM system
T - tumor N - nodes involved M - Metastasis
34
Effects of cancer on the body
Depends on location of tumor and extent of metastasis early stages may be asymptomatic as tumor increases in size and spreads, more symptoms apparent
35
General Warning signs: C.A.U.T.I.O.N.
C - Change in bowel or bladder habits A - A sore that does not heal U - Unusual bleeding or discharge T - Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere I - Indigestion or difficulty swallowing O - Obvious change in wart or mole N - Nagging cough or hoarseness
36
Warning signs in C.H.I.L.D.R.E.N.
C - Continued unexplained weight loss H - Headaches with vomiting in the morning I - Increased swelling/persistent pain in bones/joints L - Lump or mass in abdomen, neck, or elswhere D - Development of whitish appearance in pupil R - Recurrent fevers not caused by infections E - Excessive bleeding or bruising N - Noticeable paleness or prolonged tiredness
37
Cachexia
overall weight loss and generalized weakness
38
Leukopenia
Deficiency in circulating white blood cells. Can cause changes in chemotherapy treatment due to low WBC count
39
Thrombocytopenia
Deficiency in circulating platelets. causes trouble with clotting
40
Pancytopenia
the presence of anemia, leukopenia, and throbocytopenia at the same time
41
Paraneoplastic syndromes
tumor production of hormones or cytokines - hypercalcemia - Cushing syndrome (ACTH secretion) - Hyponatremia and water overload (ADH secretion) - SADH (syndrome of anti diuretic hormone)
42
Cancer Therapy
``` Mainstays -surgery -radiation therapy -drug/chemo therapy Emerging -immunotherapy -targeted molecular therapies -stem cell transplantation ```
43
Surgery
- removal of solid tumors | - commonly accompanied by radiation or chemo therapy
44
Radiation Therapy
- kills tumor cells by damaging DNA - kills cells that were missed by surgery or undetected - some normal cells are killed as well
45
Drug therapy
- the systemic administration of anticancer chemicals to treat cancers known or suspected to be disseminated in the body - can also cause normal cell death - very effective on rapidly dividing cells - causes bone marrow suppression
46
Immunotherapy
involves the use of interferons, interlukins, and monoclonal antibodies. Used in conjunction with surgery, irradiation, and chemo
47
Adjuvant Therapy
therapy used in conjunction with other things
48
Stem cell transplantation
used to manage life threatening disorders in which patients bone marrow cannot manufacture wbc's, rbc's, or platelets. Provides a method to restore bone marrow function

Pathophysiology (34 decks)

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